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Conferencia de los Estados Fronterizos
El area de estudio comprende 1850 kilometros cuadrados, se localiza al noroeste de la ciudad de Chihuahua en el municipio de Gomez Farias. El objetivo fue determinar y cuantificar la flora existente en el area. La metodologia utilizada fue realizar recorridos aleatorios en las 2 comunidades vegetales existentes, pastizal halofilo y bosque de pinoencino, se recorrio toda la zona colectando materiales botanicos, registrando su habitat y asociaciones vegetales dominantes. Los resultados obtenidos arrojan un total de 476 especies, 244 generos y 67 familias de plantas vasculares. Las angiospermas comprenden 460 especies, 234 generos y 61 familias. Las gimnospermas comprenden 6 especies, 3 generos y 2 familias. Las pteridofitas comprenden 10 especies, 7 generos y 4 familias. Conclusion, la Laguna de Babicora es un valioso lugar como patrimonio vegetal de los humedales de Mexico, su flora existente permite el sustento alimenticio de aves migratorias. Como localidad presenta especies nuevas y endemicas para la ciencia.
Flora of The Babicora Lagoon, Gomez Farias, Chihuahua.
Study area comprise 1850 square kilometers, is located northwestern of Chihuahua city in the municipality of Gomez Farias. Main objective was to determine and quantify the existent flora in the area. Methodology used was to trip randomly into the 2 main plant associations, halophytic grassland and oakpine forest, all area was crossed collecting botanic samples, recording its habitat and main vegetal associations. Results obtained were, 460 species, 244 genera and 67 families of vascular plants. Angiosperms comprise 476 species, 234 genera and 61 families. Gymnosperms comprise 6 species, 3 genera and 2 families. Pteridophyta comprise 10 species, 7 genera and 4 families. Conclusion, Laguna of Babicora is a valuable place as vegetal patrimony in the mexican wetlands, its existent flora allow food sustenance of migratory birds.
As locality has endemic and new species for the science.
The Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) is the southernmost occurring and most endangered subspecies of gray wolf (Canis lupus) in North America, historically occupying montane woodlands in the southwestern United States (U.S.) and central and northern Mexico. It was extirpated from the wild in the U.S. by and government control campaigns and was listed as an endangered species in 1976. The Mexican Wolf Recovery Plan recommends the establishment and maintenance of a captive population and the reestablishment of a wild population. Captive propagation was initiated with 5 wild wolves captured in the states of Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico from 1977 to 1980. In 1995, two additional captive populations were determined to be pure through molecular genetic (DNA) analyses. Currently, there are 150 living wolves in the captive population; and none are known to exist in the wild. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has proposed the reintroduction of a nonessential, experimental population of Mexican wolves. An Environmental Impact Statement addresses relevant issues and concerns associated with the proposal. There is broad public support for the recovery and preservation of the Mexican wolf. Most people affiliated with or sympathetic to the livestock industry are opposed. Diverse and complex scientific and policy issues are involved in the conservation and restoration of the Mexican wolf.
Recuperacion del Lobo Mexicano en los Estados Unidos: Informe Sobre la Situacion Actual
El halcon aplomado (Falco femoralis) fue estudiado en el Norte de Chihuahua, en el periodo comprendido de marzo a agoste de 1996. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: monitorear el exito reproductivo del halcon aplomado en chihuahua durante 1996, asi como medir las caracteristicas de su habitat y comparar las caracteristicas entre los aplomados anidados y los no anidados. Se localizaron dos areas de nidacion, una en el Municipio de Coyame con 7 nidos y otra en Villa Ahumada con 6; monitoreandolos de febrero a agosto de 1996. En las mismas areas se establecieron 16 transectos para medir vegetacion y abundancia de aves para alimentacion del halcon. Los resultados fueron: en Coyame un nido tuvo exito (3 pollos), Villa Ahumada 5 nidos tuvieron exito (12 pollos) estos ltimos fueron anillados. Vegetacion, una graminea (Bouteloua gracilis) con 20.0% y una leĝosa (Ephedra trifurca) con 46% fueron las mas representativas en ambas areas. Aves (Sturnella magna) 22.6%, (Eremophila alpestris) 11.23% y (Amphispiza bilineata) 8.47% fueron las mas abundantes. Conclusiones: el exito reproductivo fue aceptable, el habitat resulto adecuado para los halcones.
Ecology of Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis) in the State of Chihuahua
The Aplomado Falcon (Falco femoralis) was studied in the northern portion of the state of Chihuahua, during the period of March through August of 1996. The objectives were to survey the reproductive success of the bird in the state, and measure characteristics of the habitat and to compare them with nesting and nonnesting falcons. Two nesting areas were located, one in the county of Coyame with 7 nests and the other in Villa Ahumada, with 6 nests, surveyed from February to August. In the same areas, 16 transects were established to measure the vegetation and the bird abundance for their feeding requirement. The results were: in the Coyame area, one had a success with 3 chicks, in Villa Ahumada, 5 nests succeeded with 12 chicks, which were all banded. The plant species dominant in the areas were Bouteloua gracilis with 20% cover and Ephedra trifurca with 46 cover. The most found birds in the areas were: Sturnella magna (22.6%), Eremophila alpestris (11.23%) and Amphispiza bilineata (8.4%). Therefore, it is concluded that the habitat in both areas was in an adequate state for the reproduction of the falcons here in Chihuahua.
En base al analisis de la situacion del berrendo en el estado durante los ltimos 30 aĝos, el cual es basado en una estimacion relativa de las poblaciones existentes se ha dado a la tarea de reunir esfuerzos para evaluar y monitorear dichas poblaciones, asi mismo llevar a efecto el cumplimiento del Programa Nacional de Conservacion del Berrendo en Mexico, el cual especificamente en Chihuahua contempla la atencion de los diversos problemas que afectan a la especie, para el cual se han creado los siguientes objetivos o estrategias para mitigar dichos problemas:
Procurar el incremento poblacional del berrendo.
2. Realizar estudios que permitan determinar la problematica que afecta a las poblaciones en el estado.
El programa para el estado de Chihuahua ya ha comenzado su primera fase el cual en su etapa inicial, consiste en la identificacion y seguimiento de las manadas para despues proceder especificamente a dicha actividad en las hembras, esto con el fin de identificar a las hembras proximas a la paricion y poder capturar a las crias algunos dias despues, esto con el fin de confinarlos en una area creada cerca de las areas de captura, donde se mantienen durante unos meses para despues reincorporarlos a la manada, esto con el fin de evitar la predacion y poder al momento de su liberacion radio monitorearlo e identificar los movimientos del animal .
La peninsula de Baja con una superficie aproximada de 142,300 Km2, contiene el 7% del territorio nacional. La diversidad de ambientes, producto de la variabilidad altitudinal y latitudinal a la que se suman dos influencias marinas contrastantes dan ocasion a una diversidad de paisajes que se reflejan en la riqueza vegetal existente en esta parte del pais. La flora Baja Californiana, esta representada por mas de tres mil trescientos taxa. De estos al menos 22% tiene caracter endemico, que se da manera preferente en los niveles especifico e infraespecifico. El 14% de la flora presente tiene calidad comestible, 13% ha sido utilizado con fines medicinales, al menos 13% es susceptible de ser utilizado como forraje. No menos del 10% es susceptible de ser comercializado como plantas de ornato, y un porcentaje similar forma parte importante de la flora apicola. La flora halofita forma parte de un recurso potencial no aprovechado a la fecha. El sistema de areas protegidas de la peninsula deja fuera de su superficie la mayor parte de los taxa endemicos, raros o amenazados. No existe un programa que se aboque a la conservacion y aprovechamiento sostenido de los recursos vegetales en esta parte del pais.
The Plant Resources in the Peninsula of Baja California
The peninsula of Baja California with an approximate surface of 142,300 Km2 represents 7% of the Mexican territory. The diversity of environments, a consequence of the attitudinal and latitudinal variability, and two contrasting marine influences give occasion to a diversity of landscapes that are reflected in the existing vegetable richness in this part of the country. The flora of Baja California it is represented by al least three thousand threehundred taxa. Of these, at least 22% are endemics at the species and subspecies level, 14% of the present flora has edible quality, 13% has been used with medicinal purposes, and at least 13% is susceptible of be used as forage.. Not less than 10% is susceptible of be marketed as ornament plants, and a similar percentage form important part of the apicultural flora. The salt tolerant plants form an important part of a potential resource not used to date. The natural protected areas of the peninsula do not contain most of the endemic, rare or threatened plants. It does not exist a program committed to the conservation and supported use of the vegetable resources in this part of the country.
A traves del tiempo el hombre ha practicado la caceria de animales, en sus primeras epocas fue instintivo este caracter ya que estos le proporcionaban comida y abrigo principalmente. En la actualidad podemos decir que muchas personas conservan ese instinto transformado en aficion deportiva por la caza.
El estado de Tamaulipas por su posicion geopolitica y por su gran biodiversidad faunistica, resultado de factores geograficos y climatologicos, atrae a gran nmero de cazadores locales, nacionales y extranjeros, que temporada tras temporada arriban para practicar la caza deportiva, actividad cuestionada por unos y favorecida por otros. Lo cierto es que la caza controlada puede ser una buena herramienta de la conservacion de las especies, sin embargo este concepto an no es entendido por el grueso de la poblacion quienes an practican la caceria indiscriminada
Durante los ltimas temporadas de caza se ha registrado un promedio de expedicion de 10,000 permisos para todas las especies cinegeticas autorizadas, siendo la principal la paloma de alas blancas (Zenaida asiatica). Los extranjeros representan el 80% del padron total de cazadores en la entidad, aportando una considerable derrama economica
El objetivo del presente trabajo es dar a conocer a la opinion pblica y a los asistentes a la "Octava Conferencia de los Estados Fronterizos MexicoE.U.A., sobre Recreacion, Areas Protegidas y Vida Silvestre", las actividades cinegeticas desarrolladas en Tamaulipas y su impacto sobre las poblaciones de Fauna Silvestre. Este trabajo esta basado en la revision de estadisticas oficiales en forma comparativa, asi como en continuas inspecciones de campo. Los resultados estan dados basicamente en nmero de permisos otorgados por especie cinegetica asi como estimaciones de ejemplares cazados en forma legal e ilegal.
The Hunt Activity in the State of Tamaulipas
Through the time the man has practice the hunt of animals, this activity was in the first times an instinctive character since these proportioned food and coat mainly. At the present time could say that many people conserve that instinct transformed in sport liking for the hunt.
The state of Tamaulipas because the geographic position and the great faunistic biodiversity, this last one result of geographic factors combined with whether characteristics, attract to a great number of local hunters, national and foreigners, that seasons after season arrives in order to practice the sport hunting, doubtful activity for some people but favored for another. The sure is that the controlled hunt could be a good tool of the conservation of the species, however, this concept still is not understood for the thick of the population who they still practice the irrational hunt.
During the last seasons of hunt have registered an average of expedition of 10,000 permissions for all the species licensed to hunt, being the principal the pigeon of white wings (Zenaida asiatica). The foreigners represent the 80% of the total census of hunters of the entity, being for this an important economical source.
The objective of the present work is make known to the public opinion an to the assistants to the "Octave Conference of the United States Frontiers Mexico E.U.A., on Recreation, Guarded Areas and Wild Life", the hunt Activities developed in Tamaulipas and their impact on the populations of Wild Fauna. This work is based on the revision of official statistics in comparative form, as well as in many field inspections. The results are die basically in number of permissions granted by every hunt species as well as estimates of individuals hunted in legal or illegal form.
We evaluated the effects of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) clearing and overbank river flooding on recruitment of riparian vegetation in the Rio Grande floodplain of central New Mexico, USA. This technique simulates severe flooding through mechanical clearing of vegetation followed by inundation and release of aerially dispersed riparian seeds. Cottonwood (Populus fremontii), seep willow (Baccharis glutinosa), coyote willow (Salix exigua), and saltcedar response was monitored in 1993 and 1994 in cleared and uncleared plots. The 1993 seeding cohort was monitored on five occasions spanning two growing seasons and the 1994 cohort was monitored on two occasions during a single growing season. Cottonwoods from 1993 cohort averaged 2.1m2 and were more abundant (P<0.1) on cleared plots than uncleared plots after two growing seasons with mortality 74% on cleared plots and 100% on uncleared plots. In the 1994 cohort there was no difference between treatments in cottonwood recruitment after a single growing season. there was no difference between the treatments in seep willow recruitment for either cohort, and coyote willow recruitment was higher (P<0.1) on cleared areas for the 1993 cohort but not for 1994 cohort, Coyote willow mortality in the 1993 cohort was 52% in cleared plots after two growing seasons while uncleared plot had no coyote willow recruitment. The 1993 cohort bad higher (P<0.1) recruitment of saltcedar seedlings in uncleared plots compared with cleared plots during the first seeding survey but not on subsequent for surveys. Saltcedar recruitment was initially 785.6/m2 in cleared plots and 219.9/m2 in uncleared plots, but incurred 99% and 100% mortality, respectively, after two growing seasons. There was no difference in saltcedar recruitment between cleared and uncleared plots after a single growing season in the 1994 cohort. Soil texture, soil salinity, elevation, and soil moisture data were collected from all plots and compared with seeding recruitment and survival for each seedling sample date. Strong inferences for soil texture, salinity, or elevation were not apparent, however, decreasing soil moisture indices consistently resulted in progressive seedling mortality for all species in cleared and uncleared plots in the 1993 cohort (P<0.5). These trends were evident only for saltcedar and seep willow for the 1994 cohort. The effect of river braiding in cleared areas was also evaluated as an influencing factor in riparian vegetation recruitment. Areas within cleared plots where river braiding was apparent had higher numbers of cottonwood (P<0.001) and coyote willow (P=.017), but not saltcedar (P=0.726) or seep willow (P=0.480). No river braiding was found in uncleared plots. Saltcedar removal con encourage recruitment of native riparian species at least initially after clearing where river overbank flooding is possible and timed with the historic annual river hydrograph. Seeding mortality is tied to declines in soil moisture associated with the historic annual river hydrograph and saltcedar may be more negatively affected by rapidly falling soil moisture than cottonwood or coyote willow.
Populations of certain species of quail have been declining on a continental scale during the last 13 decades. This decline undoubtedly is associated with habitat loss and fragmentation to a large degree. However, habitat loss is not a complete explanation because some populations have declined with constant quantities of habitat. The average temperature of the earth has been rising since about 1910 and world temperature reached a record high in 1995. Our research in southern Texas, Arizona, and Mexico indicates bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) respond strongly to temperatures in the field; i.e., temperatures seem to drive habitat use to a large degree. The length of the laying season for northern bobwhites declines as temperatures at the end of the laying season increase. A reduced laying season reduces the potential number of renesting and multiplebrooding attempts; higher temperatures also may reduce the proportion of hens that lays in a given year. Global warming may be associated with declining quail populations through negative impacts on production. Researchers and managers should test this hypothesis.
Efectos Potenciales del Calentamiento Global en la Poblacion de Codornices
La poblacion de ciertas especies de codornices ha estado decreciendo en una escala continental durante las ltimas 13 decadas. Este decrecimiento esta asociado sin duda a una perdida y a una fragmentacion del habitat en una gran escala. Sin embargo, la perdida del habitat no es una explicacion completa porque algunas poblaciones han decrecido aun con cantidades constantes de habitat. La temperatura promedio de la tierra ha estado elevandose desde 1910 y la temperatura del mundo alcanzo un record alto en 1995. Nuestras investigaciones en el sur de Texas, Arizona y Mexico indican que la codorniz "bobwhite" (Colinus virginianus) responde fuertemente a las temperaturas en el campo; i.e., las temperaturas parecen incrementar el uso del habitat en un grado mayor. La duracion de la temporada de reproduccion de la codorniz "bobwhite" del norte declina cuando las temperaturas al final de dicha temporada se incrementan. Una temporada de reproduccion reducida reduce el nmero potencial de intentos de reanidar y el nmero de nacimientos mltiples; altas temperaturas pueden reducir tambien la proporcion de hembras reproductoras en un aĝo dado. El calentamiento global puede estar asociado con el decrecimiento de las poblaciones de codorniz a traves de los impactos negativos en la reproduccion. Investigadores y administradores deben probar esta hipotesis
El Presentador va compartir los resultados de una investigacion en un tramo del Rio Grande que queda entre La Reserva Santa Elena y el Parque Nacional Big Bend. La investigacion se inicio junto con La Universidad Autonoma de Chihuahua y el Parque de Big Bend. El objetivo era determinar la presencia y distribucion del castor en este tramo del Rio Grande. La investigacion empezo en las Lajitas, que queda rio arriba y siguio para abajo hasta la linea do Coahuila y Chihuahua. El metodo de esta investigacion era viajar por todo este tramo del Rio en canoas, por mltiples dias en dos diferentes ocasiones. Se examinaron las orillas del rio en busca de huellas, resbaladeros, nidos, orinaderos, y restos de plantas consumidas. Areas de actividad del castor se notaron en un mapa y se entraron como puntos en un Sistema de Posicionador geografico. Tambien se tomaron fotos y video. Incluyendo tambien se hizo un lista de las plantas consumidas Castor. Estos datos se van a comparar a otro estudios del castor conducidos en el Rio Grande en 1972, y cuentos historicos de poblaciones del castor en los primeros de este siglo cuando el trampeo de castores era mas comn.
The Status Of Castor Canadensis In The Rio Grande
The presenter will share the findings of a survey conducted along a portion of the Rio Grande shared by Big Bond National park y La Roserva Caĝon Santa Elena. The survey was conducted jointly by Big Bond National Park and the Universidad Autonoma do Chihuahua. The objective was to confirm and document the presence of beaver along the portion of the Rio Grande shared by the Park and the Reserva Santa Elena. The survey extended from just upstream of the park boundary at Lajitas, downstream to the Chihuahua, Coahuila state line. methodology for this survey consisted of going downstream for multiple days on two different occasions in canoes examining the banks of the river for beaver, tracks, slides, or chews. Areas of heavy use were noted on a map and entered into a GPS database as waypoints. These areas were also documented with video and still photography. In addition a list was compiled of plants that were being utilized by beaver at the time of the survey. The data will then be compared to another study conducted on the Rio Grande in 1972, and historic accounts of beaver populations at the turn of the century when trapping in this area was at it's peak.
32 familias, 81 generos y 104 especies fueron reportadas para el municipio de Anahuac. La permanencia estacional de la ornitofauna fue: 52 especies en primavera, 68 en verano, 42 en otoĝo y 13 en invierno. La permanencia temporal: 54 residentes permanentes, 23 visitantes nde invierno, 23 residentes de verano, 2 transente y 1 desconocida. Se reporta a el pato triguero (Anas diazi) como nuevo registro y un segundo registro para tordo cabeza amarilla (Xantocephalus xantocephalus) para Nuevo Leon. La estacion de verano presenta la mayor riqueza especifica (68 especies), asi como la mayor abundancia (5, 661 individuos). La fecha de observacion, habitat y nmero de individuos son registrados para cada especie.
The Aviafauna From Anahuac, Northern Nuevo Leon, Mexico
In this study 34 families, 81 genera and 103 species were reported for the municipality of Anahuac, in the northern part of the state of Nuevo Leon. The seasonal permanence were: 54 species in spring, 68 in summer, 42 in fall and 13 in winter. The temporal residence: 54 permanent resident, 23 winter resident, 23 summer resident, 2 transient and 1 unknown. Significant records include the first record of Mexican Duck (Anas diazi), second record of the Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xantocephalus xantocephalus) for Nuevo Leon. The summer season presented the greatest diversity and abundance (68 species and 5656 individuals). The date of observation, habitat and the number of individuals are registered.
Mexican black bears (Ursus americanus eremicus) historically inhabited the area now included in Big Bend National Park, located on the United States Mexico border in southwest Texas. Although extirpated north of the border due to sport hunting and livestock protection, U.A. eremicus persisted in remote mountain ranges of northern Mexico, south of the park. In the late 1 980's a small breeding population of bears naturally reestablished itself in the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend. There is strong evidence that the source population was the Sierra del Carmen Mountains of northern Coahuila, Mexico. Big Bend National Park has begun implementing a fourpoint management program to allow humans and bears to peacefully coexist. This program includes: education, law enforcement, infrastructure modification, and research. Current patterns of landscape use and development by humans north and south of the Rio Grande indicates the potential for further isolation of bear populations in mountain ranges of western Texas and northern Mexico, creating challenges to the genetic viability of each island population. Concurrently, the proximity of Big Bend National Park, Big Bend Ranch State Park, Black Gap Wildlife Management Area, and the Mexican reserves of Santa Elena and Maderas del Carmen offer opportunities for coordinated regional black bear conservation.
El Regreso del Oso Negro Mexicano al Parque Nacional Big Bend Una Historia de xito Internacional con Implicaciones para la Conservacion de las Especies en los Estados Unidos y Mexico
Los osos negros mexicanos (Ursus americanus eremøcus) habitaban el area que ahora comprende el Parque Nacional Big Bend localizado en la frontera entre los Estados Unidos y Mexico en el suroeste de Texas. Aunque se extirparon al norte de la frontera debido a la caza deportiva y la proteccion del ganado, el Ursus americanus eremicus sobrevivio en las cordilleras remotas del norte de Mexico, al sur del parque. Al final de la decada de los '80 una poblacion pequeĝa de osos para la crianza se restablecio naturalmente en las montaĝas Chisos de Big Bend. Hay una evidencia fuerte que la fuente de la poblacion era las montaĝas de la Sierra del Carmen del norte de Coahuila, Mexico. El Parque Nacional Big Bend ha empezado a implementar un programa de manejo dividido en cuatro partes para permitir a la gente y a los osos a vivir juntos en paz. Este programa comprende: la educacion, la aplicacion obligatoria de las leyes, la modificacion de la infraestructura e investigacion. Las normas actuales del uso y desarrollo humano del terreno al norte y al sur del Rio Grande indica el potencial para un nuevo aislamiento de las poblaciones de osos en las cordilleras del oeste de Texas y el norte de Mexico, creando retos a la viabilidad genetica a cada poblacion aislada. Al mismo tiempo, el Parque Nacional Big Bend, Big Bend Ranch State Park, Black Gap Wildlife Management Area y las reservas mexicanas de Santa Elena y Maderas del Carmen, por estar tan cerca unos a otros, ofrecen oportunidades para la conservacion regional coordinada del oso negro.
Los ecosistemas actuales quizas no renan las caracteristicas ideales para una alta diversidad ornitologica debido a los factores naturales y/o antropogenicos, que han originado la fragmentacion de los ecosistemas. Por lo que es importante evaluar la calidad, cantidad y disponibilidad de los fragmentos, lo cual permitira establecer estrategias generales de conservacion de la biodiversidad y en forma particular para las aves. Se han realizado 5 salidas de campo (Mayo-Septiembre de 1996). Se seleccionaron 5 fragmentos: 3 pequeĝos (5.83, 6.66 y 6.04 ha), 1 mediano (15.6 ha), 1 grande (156.25 ha) y el borde del fragmento grande. En cada uno de estos se colocaron redes ornitologicas, las aves capturadas fueron anilladas y posteriormente liberadas. En base a los datos de campo se generan los siguientes resultados parciales: a) se han registrado 7 ordenes, 16 familias, 35 generos y 39 especies de aves para el Matorral Espinoso Tamaulipeco, la permanencia estacional de la comunidad de aves es: 15 especies en primavera, 25 en el verano y 20 para el otoĝo; y un total de 345 individuos observados, mientras que la avifauna en los diferentes fragmentos es de 22 especies, con un total de 148 individuos anillados. La riqueza de especies y el nmero de individuos anillados para cada tipo de fragmento es el siguiente: 16 especies y 43 individuos en el fragmento pequeĝo, 15 especies y 38 organismos en el fragmento mediano, 13 y 43 en el borde; 9 y 24 para el fragmento grande. El indice de Shannon muestra que el fragmento pequeĝo tiene el valor mas alto (2.51), mientras que el fragmento grande el valor mas bajo (1.96). Al analizar estos resultados parciales, se observa una tendencia: el incremento en el area de los fragmentos ocasiona un probable decremento en la riqueza especifica y la abundancia de aves.
Effect of the Size and Distance of the Fragments of the Tamaulipean Scrub on Ornithological Diversity in the Ejido Vista Hermosa, Municipality of Linares, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
Perhaps the current ecosystems do not contain the ideal characteristics for high ornithological diversity due to natural and/or anthropogenic factors that have caused the fragmentation of the ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the quality, quantity and availability of the fragments; this will permit the establishment of general conservation strategies of the biodiversity and on birds in particular. Five field trips was realized through May to September 1996. 5 fragments were selected on this vegetation: 3 small (5.83, 6.66, 6.04 ha), 1 medium (15.6 ha.), 1 large (156.25 ha) and the border of the large fragment. Ornithological nets were placed in each plot to mean the nets efficiency, to increase the number of species recorded and not observed directly, to complete the inventories, the captured birds were banded and released. The partial results were: 7 orders, 16 families, 35 genus and 39 species of birds was recorded in the Tamaulipean Scrub; the seasonal permanence of the bird community is: 15 species on spring, 25 on summer and 20 in autumn; 345 individuals were observed; the avifauna captured only in the fragments was 22 species with 148 banded individuals. The richness of the species and number of banded individuals for each type of fragment are the following: 16 species and 43 individuals in the small fragment, 15 species and 38 individuals in the medium fragment, 13 and 43 in the border; 9 and 24 in the large fragment. The Shannon index shows that the small fragment has richness and abundance the highest value (2.51), while the large fragment has the lowest value (1.96). Upon analyzing these partial results, a trend is observed: the increase of the fragments size apparently produce a decline in the specific of birds.
De 1992 a 1996 , el Centro Ecologico de Sonora (hoy IMADES) y el Departamento de Pesca y Caza del Estado de Arizona, llevaron a cabo, varios trabajos interrelacionados con la biologia y el habitat del borrego cimarron en Sonora, como son evaluaciones poblacionales (censos aereos), deteccion de enfermedades, estimacion de rangos caseros y movimientos, y una sistematizacion de las caracteristicas o factores principales, relacionadas con el borrego y su habitat, (modelo de calidad del habitat).
Estimamos que la poblacion de borregos cimarron en Sonora es mayor de 893 individuos, contados en los censos de 1992-93, fundamentado lo anterior, en las caracteristicas de la metodologia aplicada, se estima una poblacion para la totalidad de su area de distribucion en Sonora, una cantidad que oscila entre los 1,488 y 2,977 individuos.
En 1995, se capturaron 30 animales, 10 en la Reserva de la Biosfera el Pinacate, y 20 en las cordilleras montaĝosas, conocidas como el Pico Johnson , Noche Buena y Zona cercana al poblado de Bahia Kino.
A los animales capturados se les colocaron collares de telemetria, para su posterior liberacion y seguimiento por aire y por tierra, con el fin de poder determinar sus movimientos, rango casero y utilizar estas observaciones en la elaboracion y comprobacion de un modelo de calidad del habitat. asi mismo, se les extrajo muestras sanguineas, mucofaringeas y de ectoparasitos , con el fin de determinar posibles enfermedades y hacer una caracterizacion de su quimica sanguinea.
Bighorn sheep studies in Sonora State
From 1992 to 1996, the Centro Ecologico de Sonora (Now IMADES) and the Arizona Game and Fish Department, have realized several works (mostly biology-habitat related) related with the desert bighorn sheep in Sonora. Like aerial surveys of the populations, blood sampling for the determination of diseases, movements and home range determinations, and the development of a habitat quality model.
We estimated that the desert bighorn sheep population in Sonora, is higher than the 893, counted on the 1992-93 surveys, because of the type of methodology used (aerial survey), and that it oscillates around the figures of 1488 to 2977 bighorn sheep's.
In 1995, 30 animals were captured, 10 were captured in the Pinacate Biosphere Reserve and 20 in the mountain ranges named the Pico Johnson, Noche Buena and near the town of Kino Bay.
The sheep captured were fitted with mortality sensing radio collars, liberated and monitored by air and on the ground, this for the purpose of determining movements and home range of the animals, and also for the testing of the habitat model; also blood and oral /tonsillar swabs was collected to test for disease, parasites, and vitamin and mineral identification (blood chemistry)
El Bho Manchado Mexicano (Strix occidentalis lucida) se distribuye en Sonora bajo condiciones adecuadas en caĝadas y elevaciones medias en montaĝas, con bosques de pino, pino-encino y encino-pino. El trabajo de campo se efectuo entre Marzo de 1993 y Diciembre de 1994. Se detectaron 41 individuos de bho manchado: 16 parejas, 4 machos adultos, 1 hembra adulta, tres adultos indeterminados solitarios y tres crias de dos parejas. Las detecciones se efectuaron en 21 localidades de 10 rangos montaĝosos de Sonora: Sierra de Aconchi, Sierra Los Ajos, Sierra El Pinito, Sierra Azul, Sierra de Huachineras, Sierra Buenos Aires, Sierras de Yecora, Sierra Mariquita, Sierra Elenita y Sierra La Prica; sin embargo, hay registros historicos para Sierra San Luis y Sierra Oposura, sitios donde no se han podido detectar individuos. Ademas, existen muchas montaĝas con habitat potencial que no han sido prospectadas. La metodologia usada es la recomendada por el Servicio Forestal de Estados Unidos, con una pequeĝa modificacion, la cual consiste en transectos lineales y a campo traviesa, con estaciones de reclamo electronico, de aire y vocal modulado cada 200-400 metros en lugar de cada 800 mts.; tambien se intento la localizacion de nidos, logrando localizar nicamente 2 de ellos. Por ltimo, se efectuo la descripcion de habitat y localizacion precisa de sitios con individuos detectados.
Status and distribution of the Mexican Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) in Sonora, Mexico
Mexican spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) has a wide distribution in Sonora under good conditions in canyons and middle elevations in mountains located at North, Northeast and East of state, in areas with pine, pine-oak and oak-pine forest. Field work was covered between March, 1993 through December 1994. 41 spotted owls were detected: 16 pairs, four adult males, one adult female, three indeterminated adult singles and three chicks from two pairs. All detentions were effectuated in 21 localities from 10 mountains ranges in Sonora: Sierra de Aconchi, Sierra Los Ajos, Sierra El Pinito, Sierra Azul, Sierra de Huachineras, Sierra Buenos Aires, Sierras de Yecora, Sierra Mariquita, Sierra Elenita y Sierra La Prica; also, there are historical records for two mountains ranges: Sierra San Luis and Sierra Oposura, sites where owls were not founded. There are some mountains in Sonora with potential habitat, which could not been prospected yet. The used methods are the recommended by U. S. Forest Service, with a little modification, which consists in cover lineal transects, following roads and breaches, with call stations each 200-400 meters instead the 800 meters recommended, The owls were called with electronical devices, using an owl hooter and modulate mouth calls; nest localization was attempted too, with only two nest located. Habitat characterization was elaborated with an exact localization (Cardinals coordinates) of the detected individuals.
El mezquite (Prosopis, spp) y el palo fierro (Olneya tesota A. gray), son las dos principales especies utilizadas para producir carbon vegetal en Sonora, representando el 62% de la produccion forestal con un promedio anual de 94,654 metros cbicos de leĝa, correspondiendo a 18,931 toneladas de carbon vegetal, durante el periodo 1983-1992. Desafortunadamente, informacion sobre el tamaĝo y estructura de las poblaciones de mezquite y palo fierro son escasas. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la estructura de las poblaciones de mezquite y palo fierro en areas sujetas a aprovechamiento continuo.
Tomando como base los permisos de aprovechamiento expedidos para producir carbon vegetal por la Ex-SARH, se seleccionaron 13 predios con la mayor produccion. El metodo de muestreo utilizado fue el de puntos centrados en un cuadrante, muestreandose 20 puntos por predio, anotandose los siguientes atributos por predio: densidad, cobertura, altura, nmero de troncos/individuo, area basal total y evidencia de daĝo.
Los resultados obtenidos indican una densidad media de 40.5 y 9.2 individuos/ha para mezquites y palo fierro, respectivamente; con una altura maxima de 2.3 a 3.5 metros en mezquite y 2.9 a 4.4 metros en palo fierro; el nmero de troncos promedio/individuo fue de 2.1 en mezquite y 2.4 en palo fierro. La cobertura promedio para el mezquite fue de 24.6, mientras que para palo fierro fue de 26.8 metros cuadrados. El 38.2% y 32.9% de individuos de mezquite y palo fierro, presentaron evidencia de daĝo, respectivamente.
Population Structure of Mesquite and Ironwood in Areas Under Continuos Exploitation
The mesquite (Prosopis, spp) and the ironwood (Olneya tesota A. gray), are the principal two species, used to produce charcoal in Sonora, representing the 62% of the state forest production with an annual average of 18,931 tons of charcoal, during the 1983-1992 period. Unfortunately, information on the size and structure of the populations of mesquite and ironwood are scarce. The objective of this study is to describe the structure the population of mesquite and ironwood in areas under continuos exploitation.
Talking as base the authorized utilization permits expedited to produce charcoal by the Ex-SARH 13 sites were selected with the grater charcoal production. The sampling method utilized was the point. Center quarter, sampling 20 points by site, and the following attributes were recorded density, cover, height, number of trunks/individual, total area basal and damage evidence.
The results indicate a mean density of 40.5 and 9.2 individual/ha by mesquite and ironwood respectively, with a maximum height of 2.3 to 3.05 meters in mesquite and from 2.9 to 4.4 meters in ironwood; the number of trunks by tree was 2.1 by mesquite and 2.4 by ironwood. The mean cover by mesquite was of 24.6, while by ironwood was 26.8 square meters. The 38.2% and 39.2% mesquite and ironwood individuals had evidence of human damage, respectively.
A partir de 1992 y en especial durante 1995 y 1996, hemos realizado trabajos de investigacion ecologica sobre dos especies consideradas en peligro de extincion, la cotorra serrana occidental (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) y la cotorra serrana oriental (R. terrisi). En ambas especies se han tenido avances importantes en cuanto al conocimiento de su biologia y ecologia que se presentaran brevemente y contribuyen al avance de la ornitologia y la ecologia de aves. Quiza la mayor fortaleza de nuestros trabajos ha estribado en poder conformar un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinario en interinstitutional que, en algunos casos, ha permitido que a partir de un estudio aparentemente con enfasis en una especie, se inicien actividades concretas de conservacion a nivel de paisaje. Entre los logros hasta la fecha se tiene el establecimiento de un area natural protegida clave para la cotorra serrana oriental, el inicio de trabajos de ordenamiento ecologico en el paisaje de mayor importancia para esta especie. Proveemos tambien informacion a autoridades y ONG's en cada region para lograr sus proyectos de conservacion y a los manejadores forestales para mantener los valores de biodiversidad en los bosques.
Landscape conservation through flagship species and interinstitutional cooperation: Rhynchopsitta Parrots in northern Mexico.
Since 1992 and especially during 1995 and 1996, we have conducted ecological research on two endangered parrots, the Thick-billed Parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha) and the Maroon-fronted Parrot (R. terrisi). For both species, we have important findings on their biology and ecology which will be presented briefly and are a contribution to ornithology and avian ecology. Perhaps the greatest strength of our project lies in assembling a multidisciplinary and interinstitutional team which has allowed us, in some cases, to start concrete conservation actions from an apparently species oriented research project. Among our achievements to date are the establishment of a key protected area for the Maroon-fronted Parrot and initiation of ecological planning in the most important part of it's range. We have and will continue to provide information to authorities and NGO's within the species range in support of additional conservation measures and to forest managers for maintenance of biodiversity in managed forests.
Quitobaquito springs (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Pima Co AZ) is an oasis in the Sonoran Desert immediately adjacent to the U.S./Mexico International border. The seeps and thermal springs which comprise this oasis were used by prehistoric humans, and now form sole and critical habitat for the endangered desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius eremus). Threats to the Quitobaquito pupfish are numerous: Groundwater pumping and pesticide drift from agricultural development in the Sonoyta Valley of Sonora, and vegetation destruction, erosion, and introduction of exotics stemming from the 250,000+ visitors/year at Quitobaquito. Since the pupfish is a short-lived species susceptible to population crashes, it must be monitored on an annual basis. A management plan must include a simple but accurate census to estimate total numbers and size-class distribution. While this premise is simple, there are numerous problems associated with its execution. For example, the pupfish is small (< 45 mm total length) and difficult to handle; individual marks are thus laborious to apply and to read. It is also an aggressive species; males are seasonally territorial and thus troublesome to contain. To overcome these difficulties, a precise methodology is provided herein which will track natural population fluctuations with statistical accuracy. This methodology is currently being implemented at Quitobaquito and preliminary results will be discussed
El Pez Cachorrito en el Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: Manejo de una Especie en Peligro de Extincion
El manantial de Quitobaquito (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Condado de Pima, Arizona) es un oasis en el desierto Sonorense pegado a la frontera internacional. Sus aguas termales utilizados por humanos prehistoricos ahora forman el nico habitat del pez cachorrito en peligro de extincion, Cyprinodon macularius eremus. Las amenazas que enfrenten el pez cachorrito de Quitobaquito son numerosas: extraccion de aguas subterraneas por bombeo y el uso de pesticidas para agricultura en el valle de Sonoyta en Sonora, destruccion de vegetacion, erosion de suelos, y el riesgo de introduccion de especies exoticas por algunos de los 250,000 visitantes anuales al sitio
Como es especie de corta vida, susceptible a grandes fluctuaciones en el tamaĝo de la poblacion, es importante el monitoreo anual. Un plan de manejo debe de incluir un sencillo, pero preciso censo para estimar numero total y distribucion de la poblacion por clases de talla. Mientras es sencillo en teoria, hay muchos problemas en lograr esta meta. Por ejemplo, el pez cachorrito es pequeĝo (< 45 mm longitud patron) y dificil de manejar; es dificil entonces aplicar y leer marcas individuales. Ademas, es especie agresiva; los machos defienden territorios y es dificil restringirlos. Se describe aqui un metodo que permite medir fluctuaciones poblacionales naturales con precision estadisticamente adecuada. Actualmente se encuentra en el proceso de aplicar el metodo en Quitobaquito, y se presentaran resultados preliminares
Eco Travels in Mexico Borderlands Guide
Centro Ecologico de Sonora 1997 Border Conference Announcement
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