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Conferencia de los Estados Fronterizos
INAH Centro Chihuahua (Mexico), the National Park Service (USA) and New Mexico State Monument (USA) have been collaborating on methods to better preserve the earthen architectural heritage along the borderlands. This heritage includes earthen archeological sites, adobe buildings and districts still inhabited along the border states, and the tradition of building with earth. To this end, both agencies have held symposia on both sides of the border: the first was held in Vieja Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, at the archeological site of Paquime in May 1996, and the other held at various archeological and historic sites in New Mexico and Texas in September 1996. The aim has been to provide the opportunities for candid and constructive exchanges of information regarding adobe preservation techniques . Various binational projects that will result from these exchanges include publication of the symposia proceedings , compilation of traditional technical methods of building with earth, condition of assessments and proposed interventions at adobe sites in need of emergency repairs, training in the use of lime and of various methods to repair adobe walls, preparing site management plans for sites such as Paquime, and the fabrication of bilingual traveling exhibit dealing with the importance and advantages of building with earth and preserving our earthen architectural heritage. This interaction of practitioners along the border states has enabled a broader understanding of common building practices and traditions, and an opportunity to learn from each other on ways to continue the sustainable traditions of building with adobe. This paper will present work that has taken place and work proposed for the future.
1. OBJETIVO. Producir un documento que de cuenta clara de los recursos culturales en los estados fronterizos de la Repblica Mexicana.
2.METODO:
A traves de la compilacion y analisis bibliograficos concernientes a temas arqueologicos, historicos y etnograficos capturados en cartas de localizacion geografica damos cuenta del patrimonio cultural de la frontera norte.
3.RESULTADOS:
Cartografia de localizacion de los recursos culturales (base de datos)
Bibliografia comentada y bibliografia complementaria.
4.CONCLUSIONES:
Diagnostico sobre el estado de conservacion de Recursos Culturales.
Pronostico sobre la proteccion de los Recursos Culturales.
Overview of Cultural Resources Along the Mexican Border
1.- OBJETIVE - To produce a paper that will give us a broad overview of the cultural resources of each state along the Mexican side of the border.
2.- METHODS - Throughout a compilation data, and bibliographical analysis of archaeological, historical and ethnographical themes. This will be done in order to captured the information on topographical charts that will give account of the cultural evidence of the northern border of Mexico.
3.- RESULTS- Data base will be produced with all the information, and also commented and complementary bibliography.
4.- CONCLUSIONS
A diagnosis about the state of conservation of the cultural resources.
A conservation proposal for the cultural resources.
El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro had a more profound influence on the history and landscape of the western United States than the more famous Santa Fe and Oregon trails. For 300 years after its establishment by Juan de Oĝate in 1598, the trail served as the principal artery for commerce and communication between Spain and Mexico and the isolated communities of the desert Southwest. A coalition of federal, state, and local agencies in the United States has teamed up with their Mexican counterparts to document, preserve, and interpret this international cultural resource. The objectives of the coalition are to improve the management and appreciation of the Camino Real. Methods employed to improve the documentation, protection, and interpretation of the Camino include aerial reconnaissance, pedestrian surveys, archeological excavations, research, international conferences, federal legislation, and the building of Camino Real Interpretive Centers. Results and conclusions achieved to date have included nomination of the trail for inclusion as the first international National Historic Trail, recognition of its significance by ICOMOS, publication of new research on the trail's history, establishment of regular international conferences dedicated to the Camino Real, development of traveling exhibits, and funding of construction documents for a new Camino Real International Heritage Center. Development of the Camino Real project can be seen as a successful model for involving a broad coalition of heritage preservation and tourism partners. How this project can serve as a template for the conservation of other cultural heritage resources in the border region will be explained.
El Camino Real: Nuestro Patrimonio Comun
El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro tuvo una influencia muy profunda en la historia y los paisajes de las partes oeste de los Estados Unidos, que los mas famosos caminos de Santa Fe y Oregon. Por 300 aĝos despues de su establecimiento por Juan de Oĝate en 1598, el camino sirvio como una arteria principal para el comercio y comunicacion entre Espaĝa, Mexico y las comunidades aisladas del desierto del suroeste. Una coalicion de agencias federales, estatales y locales en los Estados Unidos se han unido con sus compaĝeros Mexicanos para documentar, preservar e interpretar estos recursos internacionales de cultura. El objetivo de esta coalicion es para mejorar el manejo y apreciacion de el Camino Real. Las metodos empleadas para mejorar la documentacion, proteccion y interpretacion de este camino incluye reconocimiento aereos, excavaciones arqueologicas, investigacion, agrimensoras de los senderos, conferencias internacionales, legislacion federal, y la edificacion de centros interpretativos del Camino Real. Resultados y conclusiones que se han logrado ahora incluyen nominacion de el camino como el primer Camino Historico Nacional e Internacional, reconocimiento de su significado por ICOMOS, publicaciones de nuevas investigaciones sobre la historia de este camino, establecimiento de conferencias regulares internacionales dedicadas al Camino Real, desarrollo de exhibiciones, y fondos para la planificacion de un centro patrimonial y internacional sobre Camino Real. El desarrollo del proyecto Camino Real se podra ver como un modelo ejemplar para envolver una coalicion de compaĝeros interesados en preservar nuestro herencia y turismo. Sera explicado como este proyecto podra servir como modelo para conservar otros recursos culturales en las arias fronterizos.
El sitio arqueologico La Playa (SON:F:10:3), se localiza en el valle del rio Boquillas, en el noroeste de Sonora. Cubre una superf1cie aproximada de 10 Km2 a lo largo del rio, y en el se observan varios componentes que reflejan una ocupacion casi continua entre el 3,500 A.C. y finales del siglo XVIII.
Debido a su importancia arqueologica, este sitio fue propuesto ante el Ejecutivo Estatal, en 1994, como Zona Sujeta a Conservacion Ecologica, dentro del Sistema de Areas Naturales Protegidas del Estado de Sonora (SANPES Area Arqueologica Trincheras), quedando solo a nivel de propuesta. El decreto a nivel federal se encuentra en proceso desde julio de 1995.
A pesar de que es conocida su relevancia desde principios de la decada de los treinta, las investigaciones arqueologicas que se han realizado en los ltimos aĝos, han sido exclusivamente de rescate. Se ha contado con la participacion de un nmero considerable de investigadores de Arizona y Sonora, quienes han realizado trabajo voluntario, ante el peligro de destruccion de los vestigios por la erosion, y en los ltimos meses, debido a la alteracion por desmonte y brecheo.
En este trabajo se describiran los resultados preliminares de dichas investigaciones relacionadas con la subsistencia, ecologia y agricultura temprana del valle del Boquillas, asi como el papel del sitio en el intercambio a larga distancia y algunas caracteristicas de identidad cultural, con la finalidad de reforzar la propuesta de area protegida del estado de Sonora y proponerla como un proyecto potencial de cooperacion internacional.
La Playa: 5,000 Years of Occupancy Waiting to be Protected
The archaeological site La Playa (SON:F:10:3) is located in the Rio Boquillas valley in northwest Sonora. It comprises approximately an extension of 10 square kilometers along either side of the river. The site has several components that evidences it was occupied for a considerable timespan ranging from Middle Archaic (perhaps as early as 3,500 BC) to the Late Colonial period (circa AD 1,800).
In 1994 the site was part of a state proposal as an archaeological preservation zone (SANPES Area Arqueologica Trincheras) that did not continue. The federal decree as an archaeological site is still in process.
In spite of its relevance since the thirties, the most recent investigations has been a result of savage archaeology. The impact of erosion at the site is so strong that it has called the attention of many archaeologists from Arizona and Sonora who work as volunteers since 1995. More recently, the site was seriously damaged by the construction of a dirt road and the destruction of the native vegetation.
With the intention of emphasize this area as a very important cultural resource and a potential cooperative project, some of the preliminary approaches related to subsistence, ecology and early agriculture of the Boquillas valley will be described here, as well as the place of the site in the long term interchange networks, and some of its characteristics of cultural identity.
Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Objectives: (1) to examine the concepts of what is Tejano, Mexican and Spanish, as pertains to Texas (2) to identify distinct Hispanic Regions of Texas (3) to identify prominent historical Tejanos (4) to expand the idea of the Mexican history of Texas beyond the narrow limits of the fifteen years when Texas was a part of the Republic of Mexico.
Methods: To utilize primary source documentation from archives, recent publications concerning Tejano identity and culture, and other standard secondary sources by both Mexican and North-American historians.
Conclusions: that native-born Spaniards were a very small minority in Texas; that a Mexican culture and identity distinct from Spanish had already developed when the settlement of Texas began; that, during the "Spanish Period" in Texas, the people were essentially Mexicans being governed by Spaniards.; that from Mexican culture a Tejano identity emerged in Texas; that this Tejano/Mexican history and heritage is a cultural resource of great potential that needs to be understood and developed in order to gain a more complete and balanced history of Texas.
The National Park Service US/Mexico Affairs office and the Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia del Estado de Chihuahua have collaborated in the development of international projects of mutual interest to both countries Both agencies have participated in the design and implementation of training courses on management of cultural resources, in developing a workshop on the rehabilitation of historic iadobeî structures, and in sponsoring the Camino de Tierra Adentro Symposium. Both agencies are involved in the Mimbres-Paquime Connection project which includes working closely with , public and academic entities in New Mexico and Chihuahua. All projects undertaken have been highly successful. This is largely due to the willingness of compatible agencies in uniting efforts, abilities and resources for the conservation of cultural resources and for the benefit of citizens of both countries.
Uniendo esfuerzos para el manejo de recursos culturales
La Oficina de Asuntos EU- Mexico del Servicio de Parques Nacionales y el Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia de el Estado de Chihuahua, en colaboracion el desarrollo de proyectos internacionales de mutuo interes. Ambas agencias han participado en el diseĝo e implementacion de cursos para capacitacion en el manejo de recursos culturales, presentaciones de sobre arquitectura de la tierra y han patrocinado en dos ocasiones el Coloquio sobre el Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. Asimismo dichas agencias estan involucradas en el proyecto Mimbres-Paquime trabajan con entidades privadas, publicas, y academices en los estados de Nuevo Mexico y Chihuahua. Los proyectos se han llevado a cabo con gran exito el cual ha sido posible por la buena voluntad de ambas agencias de unir esfuerzos, habilidades y recursos para 1a conservacion de los recursos culturales y para el beneficio del los ciudadanos de ambos paises.
Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site, National Park Service This report examines the need for increased professional contacts and exchanges of information among cultural resource specialists working in the border states. Various strategies for increasing the level of professional contacts and exchanges of information are described and analyzed. The conclusion is that a few minor alterations in current practices would increase the level of helpful contacts and exchanges of information among cultural resource professionals in the border states.
Comunicaciones a lo Largo de la Frontera en el Manejo de Recursos Culturales
Este reporte examina la utilidad de mas contactos profesionales e intercambios de informacion entre especialistas de recursos culturales que estan trabajando en los estados fronterizos. Varias acciones para incrementar el nivel de contactos profesionales e intercambios de informacion estan examinadas y analizadas. La conclusion es que unas revisiones minimas en los procedimientos actuales podrian incrementar el nivel de tiles contactos e intercambios de informacion tiles entre los profesionales en recursos culturales en los estados fronterizos.
A pesar de que han transcurrido ciento cincuenta aĝos desde el final de la guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos, el estudio del enfrentamiento entre ambos paises y la nueva circunstancia fronteriza, no han recibido una atencion adecuada por parte de los estudiosos de la historia. Como resultado de esto, una serie de mitos y malentendidos acerca de la guerra han dificultado nuestra interpretacion de la forma en que se inicio la nueva relacion entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos despues de la guerra. Uno de los caminos para clarificar este evento y los problemas que de el se derivaron es concentrandonos en la identificacion y analisis de las fuentes documentales para el periodo 18401860. El territorio del noreste mexicano y los estados aledaĝos enfrentaron directamente la invasion norteamericana y desempeĝaron un papel muy importante en la resistencia de la invasion de los ejercitos enemigos. Como resultado de ello, los estados de Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Zacatecas y San Luis Potosi experimentaron una movilizacion de la poblacion y de los militares sin precedente, misma que genero una gran cantidad de informacion escrita sobre la guerra. En muchos casos esta documentacion se encuentra desordenada, descuidada y por lo tanto inaccesible para el investigador. Este proyecto, puesto en marcha recientemente, busca mediante el trabajo de archivistas e historiadores de estos seis estados mexicanos, identificar, clasificar, y catalogar los documentos impresos y manuscritos, y la hemerografia de sus respectivos archivos municipales y estatales, que tengan que ver con este periodo critico de la historia de Mexico y los Estados Unidos. El catalogo de fuentes sera una herramienta basica para los investigadores de Mexico y los Estados Unidos que se interesen en el tema. El proyecto contribuira tambien al desarrollo del estudio tematico de la guerra que se realiza en Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site en la ciudad de Brownsville, Texas.
The Northeast Mexico Archives and the War Between Mexico and the United States: A Manuscript Calendar and Catalog
Although one hundred and fifty years have passed since the end of the War between Mexico and the United States, the early evolution of the two nations' shared histories and border has still not received adequate attention. As a result, myths and misunderstandings have clouded our interpretations of the genesis of the relationship between Mexico and the United States. Without doubt, the best way to clarify these processes and problems is to focus on the identification and analysis of the sources from the time period. Northeastern Mexico confronted directly the North American invasion, and played a principal role in resisting occupation by the invading armies. As a result, the six states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Zacatecas, and San Luis Potosi experienced unprecedented civil and military mobilizations during the war, and in the process, generated an impressive written record of these activities. In many cases, this material has yet to receive any scholarly attention. A project currently underway involving archivists and historians form the six northeastern states will, often for the first time, identify and catalog all the manuscript sources in their state and local archives that deal with this critical period in Mexican and United States history. The catalog is designed to be an essential tool for scholars in Mexico and the United States who are interested in pursuing warrelated research in northern Mexico. The project will also contribute to the development of thematic study of the war to be completed by Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site in Brownsville, Texas.
The objective of my presentation is to foster an awareness for the preservation and interpretation of Apache sites that punctuate the arid regions of both Mexico and the United States. Unfortunately only a few of the historic sites affiliated with the Apache wars have ever been marked or preserved. My paper will focus on why we should preserve these sites and the need to identify these important cultural resources, not only for their historical significance, but for the potential they represent in aiding us in understanding a common heritage shared by the two countries. My paper will point out the poor job both Nations have done to date in historic preservation and interpretation of Apache War sites and will suggest ways, through mutual cooperation, that preservation of these important sites can benefit both nations. Besides the obvious importance of preserving our past for present and future generations to study, one of the primary results of historic preservation is the potential for expanded growth in ecotourism. Through mutual cooperation and partnerships, the Apache war sites can become a panacea for economic boosterism bridging two countries sharing a commonality in historical themes. Marking sites on each side of the border, combined with development of brochures for the motoring public will enhance preservation and interpretation, and economies for both nations.
Un Legado Compartido: Sitios de Batalla Contra los Apaches que Existen en los Estados Unidos y Mexico una Oportunidad Para La Preservacion e Interpretacion Internacional y Turismo
El objetivo de mi presentacion es promover un interes para la preservacion e interpretacion de sitios de batallas contra los Apaches que se encuentran en las regiones desiertas de Mexico y los Estados Unidos Americanos. Desafortunadamente muy pocos de los sitios de batalla han sido identificados y preservados. Mi presentacion enfocara en por que debemos de preservar estos sitios y la necesidad para identificar estos recursos culturales. No solamente por su significancia historica, sino por su potencial para asistir en la comprension de una herencia comn que comparten los dos paises. mi presentacion revelara el debil esfuerzo que se ha echo para preservar e interpretar estos sitios historicos por ambos paises. Mi reporte tambien sugerira maneras de como este esfuerzo puede beneficiar a las dos naciones ademas de la necesidad de preservar nuestra historia para las nuevas generaciones. Uno de los mejores resultados de la preservacion historica es el desarrollo del turismo. Asociados y con cooperacion mutua estos sitios historicos pueden ser el remedio economico que juntara las dos naciones que comparten este tema historico. Identificando los sitios que se encuentran en ambos lados de la frontera y combinado con folletos para los caminantes del area aumentara la preservacion e interpretacion, mas la economia para los dos paises.
Public Law 100559, The Warm Springs Special Study Act of 1988, authorized and directed the U.S. Secretary of the Interior "to conduct a study of the culture that evolved around Warm Springs, Southwestern New Mexico, to determine its significance in illustrating and commemorating American frontier military history and the development of American Indian Policy." Specifics of the study included an evaluation of the history of the Warm Springs band of the Chiricahua Apache in Victorio's War and an evaluation of the historic and prehistoric resources surrounding the Warm Springs. As part of the cultural resource evaluation of the study, aerial photography of the area was acquired in May 1990 and 150 photographs were scanned for anomalies using a stereoscope. Two hundred eight anomalies were recorded and were evaluated as possible cultural remains. One hundred seventeen were visited for field checks and 64 were confirmed as having cultural origins.
Ley Pblica 100559, la Ley de Investigacion Especial de Los Ojos Calientes de 1988, autorizo y dirigio al Departamento del Interior de los Estados Unidos "a hacer un estudio de la cultura que evoluciono alrededor de Ojos Calientes, ubicado en el suroeste de Nuevo Mexico, para determinar su importancia en ilustrar y conmemorar la historia militar fronteriza Americana y el desarrollo de la Politica de Manejo de los Indios Americanos." Especificas del estudio incluyeron una valoracion de la historia del grupo Ojos Calientes de los Apaches Chiricahuas en el Guerra de Victorio y una valoracion de los recursos prehistoricos e historicos en el region de Ojos Calientes. Como parte de la valoracion de recursos culturales del estudio, fotos aereos de le region fueron adquiridas en mayo de 1990 y 150 fotos fueron examinadas por irregularidades con un estereoscopio. Dos cientos y ocho irregularidades fueron anotadas y categorizadas como posibles sitios culturales. Ciento diez y siete de estas irregularidades fueron examinadas en un recorrido de campo y sesenta y cuarto fueron confirmados como sitios culturales.
Previous archeological surveys within Big Bend National Park demonstrate correlation between site type and occurrence and environmental conditions such as soils, terrain diversity, and geomorphologic landforms. A multiyear, comprehensive archeological survey of Big Bend National Park, initiated in 1995, is designed to provide a predictive assessment of cultural resources for park managers. By the summer of 1996, a 100% intensive survey of over 7,000 acres collected data that is integrated into the park's Geographic Information System for spatial analysis. Spatial data is classified and analyzed within the context of an environmental stratification of the park area. This experimental environmental stratification is expected to be applicable to the northern Chihuahuan desert region of the west Texas Big Bend and Mexico.
Estudios arqueologicos previos dentro del Parque Nacional Big Bend demuestran una correlacion entre el tipo del lugar y la incidencia y las condiciones ambientales tales como los suelos, la diversidad de terreno y las formaciones terrestres geomorfologicas. Un estudio comprensivo de varios aĝos de duracion del Parque Nacional Big Bend iniciado en 1995 esta diseĝado para ofrecer una avaluacion que prediga los recursos culturales para los jefes de parques. Para el verano de 1996, un estudio 100% intensivo de mas de 7,000 acres, se hizo una recoleccion de datos que esta integrada dentro del Sistema de Informacion Geografica del parque para un analisis espacial. Los datos espaciales estan clasificados y analizados dentro del contexto de la estratificacion del ambiente del area del parque. Esta estratificacion ambiental experimental se espera que se pueda aplicar a la region norte del desierto de Chihuahua del oeste de Texas, Big Bend y Mexico.
Centro Ecologico de Sonora 1997 Border Conference Announcement
1997 Border Conference Index
Eco Travels in Mexico Borderlands Guide Centro Ecologico de Sonora 1997 Border Conference Announcement
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