Biodiversity and Tourism/Planeta.com

Integrating Biodiversity into the Tourism Sector: Best Practice Guidelines
by Hector Ceballos-Lascurain

June/Junio 2001

APPENDIX I: REFERENCE TO THE 12 SELECTED COUNTRY CASE STUDIES

The following are the twelve country case studies on Biodiversity/Tourism that were selected for inclusion (after a careful analysis of almost 60 proposals that were received from 36 countries around the world) in the BPSP Biodiversity/Tourism Study, with their corresponding authors and e-mail addresses:

1. Belize Case Study by Mr. Wiezsman Pat
2. Botswana Case Study by Ms. Mary C. Kalikawe
3. Canada Case Study by Ms. Pam Wight
4. Chile Case Study by Mr. Juan Oltremari
5. Costa Rica Case Study by Ms. Natalia Zamora and Ms. Vilma Obando
6. Kazakhstan Case Study by Mr. Igor Glukhovtsev and Dr. Lyailya Yermekbayeva
7. Korea Case Study by Dr. Seong-il Kim
8. Mexico Case Study by Mr. Jorge Belmonte
9. Peru Case Study by Mr. Joaquin A. Ugarte and Ms. Lizzie Pacheco
10. Seychelles Case Study by Mr. John Nevill
11. South Africa Case Study by Ms. Anna Spenceley
12. Trinidad & Tobago Case Study by Mr. Eden Shand

APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY

Adventure tourism. Seen more as a commercial label for certain nature tourism activities that require special physical skills and endurance and involves a degree of risk-taking.
Agenda 21. A document adopted by the UN Conference on Environment and development meeting in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, representing a programme for the 21st century. The conference was held on the twentieth anniversary of the UN Conference on Human Environment which met in Stockholm in June 1972. Agenda 21 reviewed and developed the achievements of that first conference.
Biodiversity. Biological diversity. The variety of life in all its forms, levels and combinations. Includes ecosystem diversity, species diversity, and genetic diversity.
Biosphere. The thin covering of our planet that contains and sustains life.
Carrying Capacity. Capacity of an ecosystem to support healthy organisms while maintaining its productivity, adaptability, and capability of renewal.
Conservation. The management of human use of organisms or ecosystems to ensure such use is sustainable. Besides sustainable use, conservation includes protection, maintenance, rehabilitation, restoration, and enhancement of populations and ecosystems.
Ecodesign. Any form of design that minimises negative environmental impacts, by integrating itself into the surrounding ecosystem.
Ecolodge. According to The International Ecotourism Society (TIES), "the term ecolodge is an industry label used to identify a nature-dependent tourist lodge that meets the philosophy of ecotourism" (Hawkins et al., 1995). At a purist level, an ecolodge will offer a tourist an educational and participatory experience, be developed and managed in an environmentally sensitive manner and protect its operating environment. An ecolodge is different from mainstream lodges, like fishing and ski lodges and luxury retreats. It is the philosophy of ecological sensitivity that must underlie, and ultimately define, each operation.
Ecosystem. A system of plants, animals and other organisms together with the non-living components of their environment.
Ecotourism. A subset of sustainable tourism, referring to tourism that is carried out in relatively undisturbed natural areas (a concept which covers a wide spectrum, from pristine nature to more or less degraded habitats) and which serves as a tool for conservation and sustainable development of local communities. The IUCN definition is: "Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features - both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low negative visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations" (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996). The main components and issues that should be considered in any ecotourism activity are, broadly speaking: nature, local community, economics, conservation, culture, and interpretation.
EIA. Environmental Impact Assessment. The critical appraisal of the likely effects of a policy, plan, programme, project or activity, on the environment.
Environment. A concept which includes all aspects of the surrounding of humanity, affecting individuals and social groupings.
Life-support service. An ecological process that sustains the productivity, adaptability and capacity for renewal of lands, waters, and/or the biosphere as a whole.
Nature tourism. Embraces all tourism directly dependent on the use of natural resources in a relatively undeveloped state, even if the use of the natural resources by the tourist is neither wise nor sustainable. It includes activities such as hunting, countryside motorbiking, mountain biking, and white-water rafting.
Precautionary principle. A guiding rule in EIA to protect people and the environment against future risks, hazards, and adverse impacts, tending to emphasise safety considerations in the occasional absence of clear evidence.
Protected Area. An area dedicated primarily to protection and enjoyment of natural or cultural heritage, to maintenance of biodiversity, and/or to maintenance of life-support services.
Sustainable development. Improving the quality of human life while living within our ecological means. Development which provides economic, social, and environmental benefits in the long term, having regard to future generations.
Sustainable tourism. An umbrella concept, embracing all types of tourism which maintain the environmental, social and economical integrity and well being of natural and cultural resources in perpetuity. In other words, it is any kind of tourism development that contributes to sustainable development. At the beginning of the 21st century every human socio-economic activity should be sustainable, including tourism.
World Heritage listings. Those natural and/or cultural assets considered by the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) to be of ´outstanding universal value, the destruction or disappearance of which would constitute harmful impoverishment of the heritage of all nations of the world.

APPENDIX III: Annotated Bibliography

The following annotated bibliography includes printed material as well as on-line documents. Every reference includes mention of the main themes discussed and corresponding region or regions, according to the following scheme:

Theme:
BCP - Biodiversity Conservation and Planning
ST - Sustainable Tourism
ET - Ecotourism
HE - Hotels, Ecolodges, and Physical Facilities
EC - Economics (includes business, finance, socio-economic issues)
PA - Protected Areas

Region:
W - World
AM - Americas (North, Central and South America, Caribbean)
AF - Africa
AS - Asia
OC - Oceania
E - Europe

Alderman, Claudia L. 1994. The Economics and the Role of Privately-Owned Lands Used for Nature Tourism, Education, and Conservation in Protected Area Economics and Policy. Linking Conservation an Sustainable Development. The World Bank and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Washington, DC.
Theme: ET, EC, PA
Region: AM, AF
This research was carried out through a mail survey of 93 private reserves in Latin America and Africa. The goal of the study was to evaluate the role of nature tourism in private reserves and to assess the potential of private reserves as a tool for conservation, education , and development. The survey's results indicate that private reserves generate substantial local employment, this being particularly true about reserves that cater to nature tourism. A high percentage of the private reserves said that one of their major problems was lack of government cooperation. The long-term survival of these reserves as protected areas could be fostered by development links between the reserves and government agencies and NGOs.

Ashley, Caroline. 2000. The Impacts of Tourism on Rural Livelihoods: Namibia's Experience. Working Paper 128. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). ISBN 0 85003 461 2 £6.00. London, UK.
Theme: ST, EC, PA, BCP
Region: AF
This paper assesses the wide range of impacts that tourism has on the livelihoods of rural residents in parts of Namibia. It aims to serve two purposes. First it illustrates that a focus on livelihoods offers a useful perspective on tourism for enhancing local benefits. It contrasts with conventional tourism perspectives which tend to focus exclusively on either economic, commercial or environmental impacts. It also contrasts with narrow assessment of local benefits focusing only on job creation and cash income. Taking a livelihoods perspective helps identify the wide range of impacts - direct and indirect, positive and negative - that matter to local people. Second, the paper aims to show how tourism's contribution to livelihoods can be enhanced by adjusting decisions on what is developed and how, in ways that reflect people's livelihood priorities. This has implications for how tourism planners, other policy-makers, communities, businesses and NGOs work. While some implications are context-specific, others have more general relevance to tourism practitioners elsewhere. A more detailed summary is available at: http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/summwp128.html

Asociacion Ecuatoriana de Ecoturismo. 1998. Politicas y Estrategias para la Participacion Comunitaria en el Ecoturismo. ASEC. Quito, Ecuador.
Theme: EC
Region: AM
With the purpose of developing a participative consulting process for strengthening the role of local communities in ecotourism, ASEC carried out a project called "National Forum On Community Participation in Ecotourism". This book is the result of that Forum. For the first time in Latin America, guidelines for ecotourism policies and strategies based on sustainable community participation have been set up. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

Barkin, David. N/d. Social Tourism in Rural Communities: An instrument for promoting sustainable resource management
Theme: EC, ET
Region: M, AM
This paper offers a serious reconsideration of how socially responsible sustainable tourism might be designed. Drawing on his extensive experience in Mexico and his work with the Environment Latin America Network, this paper offers a useful introduction for everyone interested in the subject, with several case studies cited. Available from: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/barkin-social-tourism.html

Blangy, Sylvie (ed.) 1993. Tourisme et Environnement: du Tourisme de Nature l'ecotourisme. Les Cahiers Espaces. Hors-serie fevrier 1993. SARL - ETE. Paris, France.
Theme: EC, PA
Region: E
This was one of the first documents to appear in Europe, discussing nature tourism and ecotourism (especially in the European context), and perhaps the first comprehensive one written in the French language. The book contains the following sections: national and regional policies (especially European case studies), nature tourism (demand aspects and different experiences), touristic evaluation of the natural heritage, and ecotourism (concept, experiences and projects). Although now somewhat outdated, it contains much interesting information. Available from Editions Touristiques Europeennes, tel. (1) 4327 5590, Paris, France.

Brandon, Katrina. 1996. Ecotourism and Conservation: A Review of Key Issues. Environment Department Paper N 033. Biodiversity series. The World Bank. Washington, DC.
Theme: ET, EC, PA
Region: W
This paper reviews experiences with ecotourism across the globe. Despite tremendous differences in size and management of protected areas, cultures, types of ecotourism enterprises and government involvement, in most cases, ecotourism and nature-based tourism have not lived up to expectations. Nevertheless, they remain a potential avenue for conservation. Ecotourism can generate benefits to local communities such as employment, although these are frequently seasonal or low-paying jobs. Despite such problems, ecotourism represents one of the few areas where the link between economic development and conservation of natural areas is potentially clear and direct. This paper offers a set of recommendations which diverse organisations and groups may implement to help ecotourism serve as a vehicle to provide environmental, socio-economic, and cultural benefits at both local and national levels.

Budowski, Gerardo. 1976. Tourism and Environmental Conservation: Conflict, Coexistence or Simbiosis? in Environmental Conservation 3(1): 27-31. Theme: BCP, ST, EC
Region: W
This ground breaking article describes three different relationships that can exist between tourism and nature conservation: conflict, coexistence, or symbiosis. It is suggested that most cases have a coexistence relationship, moving towards conflict. This is critically important, considering the rapid increase in tourism based on natural resources. Initial steps to counter this negative trend are to exclude visitor amenities from natural areas and to disallow tourism agencies from managing natural areas. In all cases, conservation should be given highest priority for natural area planning. Several ways in which tourism can invest in tourism are listed.

Butler, R.W. 1991. Tourism, Environment, and Sustainable Development in Environmental Conservation 18 (3): 201-209.
Theme: ST, ET
Region: W
Butler argues that promoting tourism as a sustainable development alternative is "simplistic and naive". All tourism developments depend on the environment for their well-being, but lack of knowledge, responsibility, and long-term planning has very often resulted in degraded environments and altered local cultures. There are very few examples where tourism and the environment are being managed on a symbiotic basis. Tourism can be a powerful force to encourage environmental preservation but will inevitably cause local impacts, the level of which depends in planning and management commitments. Butler expounds four categories of possible solutions to reduce the pressure of tourism: i) curbing tourist numbers, ii) changing tourist type, iii) changing the resource for resistance, and iv) educating all concerned.

Biodiversity Convention Office. 1995. Canadian Biodiversity Strategy: Canada's Response to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Environment Canada: Hull, Quebec.
Theme: BCP, PA, EC
Region: AM
The whole text of the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy (one of the best strategies in this field worldwide) is available for free on this web site. Main chapters are: Our Living Legacy, Conservation and Sustainable Use, Ecological Management, Education and Awareness, International Cooperation (particularly interesting for our study), Implementation, and Indigenous Community Implementation. http://www.bco.ec.gc.ca/DocumentPublications_e.cfm

Biodiversity Convention Office. 1998. Caring for Canada's Biodiversity: Canada's First National Report to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Environment Canada: Hull, Quebec.
Theme: BCP, PA, EC
Region: AM
This First Report is to summarise progress, lessons learned, and challenges to implementing Article 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Main sections include: the nature of Canada's biodiversity, threats to Canada's biodiversity, laying the foundation to implement the CBD, major challenges and early responses to implementing the Convention in Canada, training and education, legislation and incentives, international cooperation (sharing Canada's experience). The whole text of this report is available for free on the following web site: http://www.bco.ec.gc.ca/DocumentPublications_e.cfm.

Canadian Tourism Commission. 2001. CTC Strategic Plan 2001/2002
Theme: ST, ET, EC; PA
Region: AM
The whole text of this Strategic Plan is available on the following website: http://www.ctc-ctx.com/en/ctc/ctx/login/pdf/ctcplan.pdf

Canadian Tourism Commission. 2001. Annual Report 1999 - Working Together, Succeeding Together.
Theme: ST, ET, EC; PA
Region: AM
This report contains much interesting information on the institutional, operational and planning aspects of tourism in Canada. The whole text is available for free on this website: http://www.ctc-ctx.com/en/ctc/partner_centre/pdf/annual_report1999E.pdf

Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism. 1999. Manual de Manejo Medioambiental para Hoteleros CaribeÀos. CAST. San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Theme: HE, ST, ET,
Region: AM
This handbook, written in Spanish, provides practical guidelines for environmentally-friendly operation of hotels in the Caribbean region. It includes sections on ecological hotel management, cleaning, food processing, maintenance engineering, gardening, beach management, recreation amenities, site planning, and ecodesign of physical facilities.

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. 1994. Estrategia Nacional de Ecoturismo Para Mexico. Secretaria de Turismo. Mexico, DF.
Theme: ET, ST, BCP, HE, EC, PA
Region: AM
This was the first national ecotourism strategy ever published in Latin America. The author developed this document for the Mexican Ministry of Tourism. Apart from defining basic concepts of sustainable tourism, ecotourism, and ecodevelopment, it contains practical strategic guidelines for planning the different activities of ecotourism. It also identifies circuits and regions of ecotouristic relevance in Mexico. 3 chapters can be consulted for free at: http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/ceballos1.html

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. 1996. Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected Areas. The World Conservation Union(IUCN) and The International Ecotourism Society. Gland, Switzerland. 315 pages. Theme: ET, ST, BCP, HE, EC, PA
Region: W
A comprehensive survey, this is the first text available devoted to the positive and negative impacts of tourism on parks and protected areas world wide. It includes well-presented case studies and offers a good summary of current tourism management techniques, making it a must for natural resource managers, researchers, and students seeking to use tourism as a conservation tool. Comprises discussions on the concepts of ecotourism, sustainable tourism, and nature-based tourism. Ample section on environmentally-friendly architectural design of ecolodges and other facilities for ecotourism. Includes many photographs, figures and an extensive bibliography.

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. 1997a. Report on Ecotourism Survey of Selected South African Protected Areas and Ecotourism Sites. Grupo Posadas. Mexico, DF.
Theme: ET, ST, BCP, HE, EC, PA
Region: AF
This report describes the findings of the author during a field survey of selected protected areas and ecotourism sites in South Africa, conducted in 1996. Main subjects covered are: overview of sustainable tourism and ecotourism in South Africa; ecotourism attractions; protected areas; local communities; ecolodge design, building and operation; biodiversity conservation; main issues and constraints.

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. 1997b. Ecolodge Development in Coastal and Desert Zones of Egypt. Report for Winrock International/U.S.-AID. Arlington, Va, USA.
Theme: ET, ST, BCP, HE, EC, PA
Region: AF
This technical report provides very detailed guidelines for ecolodge development in coastal and desert zones of Egypt, including sections on infrastructure; regional planning; zoning; site planning; ecodesign, ecotourism facilities; ecolodge design, building and operation; waste management; energy conservation and alternative energy sources.

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. 1998. Ecoturismo, Naturaleza y Desarrollo Sostenible, Editorial Diana, Mexico DF.
Theme: ET, ST, BCP, HE, EC, PA
Region: AM
A practical handbook dealing with all aspects of ecotourism planning and development. Intended as a text book, and widely used in universities across Latin America, this book covers a wide range of topics: strategic guidelines for planning, inter-sectoral coordination, local community involvement, inventories of ecotourism attractions, minimising negative environmental and cultural impacts, carrying capacity, physical planning and architectural design of ecotourism facilities, training, environmental education, self-financing mechanisms, promotion and marketing. 3 chapters of this book can be consulted FOR FREE at: http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/mexico/strategy/ecoturismohcl.html

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. 1999. The Marriage Of Architecture And Ecotourism. Paper presented at the South Pacific Tourism Conference (SPTC) , held in Samoa, October 1999.
Theme: HE, ET, ST, EC
Region: W
This paper discusses the need for environmentally-friendly architecture, applied to ecotourism and sustainable tourism facilities. Discusses ecotechniques, alternative energy sources, site planning, minimisation of negative impacts, local building materials, energy-saving procedures, waste treatment. This paper can be seen for free online: http://www.sptc.org.fj/hector.html

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. 2000. Red Mexicana de Ecoturismo. Ecotourism Champion: A Conversation with Hector Ceballos-Lascurain by Ron Mader. Theme: ET, ST, BCP, EC, PA
Region: W
This online interview deals with many subjects related to ecotourism, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/weaving/hectorceballos.html

Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector. 2000. Relevant Ecotourism Experiences Around the World. Special presentation at Fundacion Miguel Aleman, Mexico City.
Theme: ET, ST, BCP, EC, PA
Region: W
This brief paper describes ecotourism development around the world, highlighting personal experiences of the author in over 30 countries. Main themes covered are: ecotourism as a tool for sustainable development; involving local communities; inventories of ecotourism attractions; biodiversity conservation; protected areas; site planning; ecolodge development; difficulties, constraints and opportunities; future trends.

Ceballos-Lascurain, H., J. A. McNeely, J.W. Thorsell. 1991. Guidelines for Development of Terrestrial and Marine National Parks and Protected Areas for Tourism. WTO/UNEP/IUCN. Madrid, Spain.
Theme: ET, ST, BCP, PA
Region: W
This report examines the various issues involved with sustainable tourism and ecotourism in terrestrial and marine national parks. The authors review tourism's costs and benefits, according to economic, social and environmental categories. Other topics include criteria for selecting national parks for tourism, tourism carrying capacity, planning for tourism in national parks, guidelines for facility development, and guidelines for education and interpretation. Contains many colour photographs. Available from WTO: www.world-tourism.org

Chester, Guy (ed.). 2000. Mohonk Agreement. An agreed framework and principles for the certification of ecotourism and sustainable tourism. GHD Management Engineering Environment.
New York, USA.
Theme: ET, ST, BCP, PA, EC
Region: W
This document describes the Mohonk Agreement, which is an agreed framework and principles for the certification of ecotourism and sustainable tourism, which was unanimously adopted at the conclusion of an international workshop held at Mohonk Mountain House, New Paltz, New York in November 2000. The document contains a set of general principles and elements that, according to the workshop participants, should be part of any sound ecotourism and sustainable tourism certification programmes. It was recognised that tourism certification programmes need to be tailored to fit particular geographical reasons and sectors of the tourism industry, and agreement was reached on a basic set of principles that, in the opinion of the workshop participants, must frame any ecotourism and sustainable certification programme It was agreed that the development of a certification scheme should be a participatory, multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral process (including representatives from local communities; tourism businesses, governments, non-governmental organisations, community-based organisations, and others). Additional information may be obtained from: Guy Chester, Manager Environmental Services, E-mail: gchester@ghd.com.

Coelho Marques, Luciana. 2000. An evaluation of ecolodges in the Brazilian Amazon
Theme: ET, HE
Region: AM
This paper discusses ecotourism and identifies ecolodge criteria. It further compares and analyses several lodges in Brazilian Amazon. Available from: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/ecolodge-brasil.html

CONABIO. 2000. Estrategia Nacional sobre Biodiversidad de Mexico. Secretaria de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca (SEMARNAP). Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). Mexico, DF (available only in Spanish).
Theme: ST, ET, PA
Region: AM
This official document describes the National Biodiversity Strategy for Mexico. It contains three main parts: background information on biodiversity, the Strategy itself, and the Action Plan. The Strategy's goal is to accomplish the objectives of the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) by means of a continuous process of participation and realisation on behalf of all sectors of Mexican society. More information on CONABIO's official web site: www.conabio.gob.mx

CONABIO. 2001. OFFICIAL Web Site of the Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO). Mexico, (available only in Spanish)
Theme: BCP, PA
Region: AM
This is the official web site of CONABIO (The National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity). Ample information found here includes: What is biodiversity?; Biodiversity of Mexico; brief description of National Biodiversity Strategy of Mexico; Relevant Ecological Regions of Mexico; Mammals and Birds of Mexico; description of the Corredor Biologico Mesoamericano; Institutional structure of CONABIO, and much more.
www.conabio.gob.mx

Craik, Wendy. 1994. The Economics of Managing Fisheries and Tourism in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in Protected Area Economics and Policy. Linking Conservation an Sustainable Development. The World Bank and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Washington, DC. Theme: EC, ET, ST, BCP, PA
Region: OC
The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is the largest protected marine area in the world. Fortunately a marine park was established in the Great Barrier Reef region before the recent expansion of tourism. It is estimated that in 1991 direct and indirect tourism and recreation income and expenditures were probably in excess of $1 billion. This can be compared with commercial fishing estimates of approximately $400 million. The economic contribution of foreign tourists to the economy is greater per head than domestic tourists. While the Great Barrier Reef is the best-managed large marine ecosystem in the world, there is no room for complacency, since the future is sure to bring a variety of new challenges, requiring innovative planning for sustainable tourism.

Cultural Survival Quarterly. 1999. Ecotourism, Sustainable Development and Cultural Survival. A special issue in collaboration with The International Ecotourism Society. July 1999.
Theme: ET, EC
Region: AM, AF, AS, OC
The articles in this special issue are both a searing investigative report and moving testimony of the stresses and strains of finding the appropriate way for indigenous people to manage ecotourism. Case studies from Panama, Australia, Thailand, Nepal, Namibia, and the Amazon region explore and define creative tools to prevent exploitation. Examples include: developing guidelines as a tool to gain consensus among stakeholders, joint ventures between indigenous people and responsible entrepreneurs, and co-management of protected areas between government and indigenous people. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

DFID. 1999. Changing the Nature of Tourism: Developing an Agenda for Action. Environment Policy Department. Department for International Development. London, UK. Theme: ET, EC
Region: W
This document, based on research carried out by the University of Kent in three very different nature tourism destinations (Keoladeo National Park in India, Komodo National Park in Indonesia, and the south-east Lowveld in Zimbabwe), provides an agenda for action by each of the sectors involved in nature conservation and sustainable development. It contains interesting discussions, as well as concise guidelines and recommendations. For more information, visit the DFID website: www.dfid.gov.uk/

Dowling, Ross and Jackie Adler. 1995. Shark Bay, Western Australia: Managing a Coastal World Heritage Area. Coastal Management in Tropical Asia: A Newsletter for Practitioners 6. Theme: ST, ET, PA, BCP
Region: OC
This document describes a World Heritage strategic plan carried out in 1995 in Shark Bay, Western Australia. The plan coordinated several tourism strategies and several fisheries management strategies. In order to effectively manage future development and use, the Department of Conservation and the Ministry of Planning worked together to ensure that their planning was complementary and there were no areas of conflict as regards use of land and coastal zones.

Drumm, Andy. 1998. New Approaches Community-based Ecotourism Management in Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers, vol. 2, edited by Kreg Lindberg et al. The International Ecotourism Society. North Bennington, Vermont, USA
Theme: ET, EC, PA, BCP
Region: AM
Three case studies of community-based ecotourism developments in the Amazonian region of Ecuador, which illustrate a range of models, are described: the Huaorani of Quehueri'ono, Capirona and RICANCIE, and the Cofan of Zabalo. Difficulties, constraints, opportunities, achievements and future trends are discussed.

Eagles, P.F.J. and Per Nilsen, eds. 1997. Ecotourism Annotated Bibliography, 4th edition.
The International Ecotourism Society. N. Bennington, Vt.
Theme: ET, EC, HE, PA, BCP
Region: W
Fully updated, this new edition offers a select group of nearly 400 citations. According to Eagles, "the literature has evolved from descriptive and personal to analytical and predictive". Categories included are ecotourism planning, visitor impact management, economic issues, community development, local participation, facility design, economics, conservation, education and development.

Earth Pledge Foundation Web Site
Theme: ST, ET
Region: AM
This is a NGO which practices and promotes the concept of sustainable development. Its web site contains (FOR FREE) some interesting online documents on sustainable tourism, especially in the Caribbean region. Web site: http://www.earthpledge.org/

Ecotourism Association of Australia. 1996. National Ecotourism Accreditation Program (NEAP).
EAA. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Theme: ET, ST, HE, EC
Region: OC
This pamphlet briefly describes the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program (NEAP), which was launched by the Ecotourism Association of Australia in 1996, and is jointly run with the Australian Tour Operators Network. The NEAP arose out of the fundamental problem of how to distinguish between genuine ecotourism operators and other operators who operate in natural areas. Accommodation and tour products are accredited according to eight basic sustainability principles which are briefly described. Depending on how many points operators achieve, they can either be awarded accreditation or advanced ecotourism accreditation. The Accreditation Program has been critical in helping ecotourism operators improve the profile of their products, which in turn has led to greater customer recognition and an emerging market edge. See the EAA web site: www.ecotourism.org.au/

Filion, Fern L. et al. 1994. The Economics of Global Ecotourism in Protected Area Economics and Policy. Linking Conservation an Sustainable Development. The World Bank and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Washington, DC.
Theme: EC, ET, PA, ST
Region: W
An interesting analysis of the economic significance of ecotourism around the world. It mentions that global tourism (domestic and international) is the largest and fastest growing industry in the world, accounting for 12 percent of the world gross national product and that, according to the preliminary analysis of the authors, economic impacts resulting from global ecotourism (domestic and international) might well range from about US$0.5 trillion to $1 trillion.

Gardner, Alison. 2000. Travel Unlimited. Uncommon Adventures for the Mature Traveler. Avalon Travel Publishing. Emeryville, California, US. Theme: ET, ST, PA
Region: W Information-packed guidebook featuring a worldwide menu of travel adventures selected with travelers over 50 in mind. This book contains details on ecological, educational, cultural, and volunteer vacations ranging from primitive to luxurious; reviews of tour operators, travel wholesalers, and clearing houses, charitable ventures, schools/colleges/universities, workshops, seminars, and volunteer service projects; inspirational tips, insights, and field reports from travel authorities around the world; and recommendations for both independent and group-minded adventure travelers, as well as for tourism planners, operators, and organizations. Contains chapters on: Opinions of alternative tourism leaders, active ecotourism vacations, cultural tourism. This book may be obtained from the author, e-mail: alison@travelwithachallenge.com. Website: www.travelwithachallenge.com.

German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. 1997. Conservation of Biological Diversity through Sustainable Development of Tourism. Bundesamt fur Naturschutz. Bonn, Germany.
Theme: BCP, ET, ST, PA
Region: W
This background material, which includes several important papers and articles, was compiled for the International Workshop held at Oberursel, Germany, in January 1997, which produced the Berlin Declaration on Conserving Biological Diversity Through Sustainable Development of Ecotourism, within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The document may be obtained from the Bundesamt fur Naturschutz. Bonn, Germany (fax 0228 8491 200).

German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. 1997. Biodiversity and Tourism. Conflicts on the World's Seacoasts and Strategies for Their Solution. Springer. Bonn, Germany.
Theme: BCP, ET, ST, PA
Region: W, E
Tourism is a way to use global biodiversity, and it may have impacts on it. As tourism activities concentrate on coastal areas the purpose of this study is twofold: first, to analyse where and to which extent conflicts exist, or may be expected to arise, between conservation of biological diversity and development of tourism; secondly, to work out approaches and concepts which may be used to avoid and settle such conflicts. The global level is considered first; a discussion of the European context and case studies from various regions follow. The last part of the study concerns international law aspects of sustainable tourism.

Gilpin, Alan. 1996. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
Theme: BCP, HE, ST, PA
Region: W
This authoritative 182-page book examines the crucial role of EIA in government decision-making in Europe, North America, Asia and the Pacific. The author takes a critical approach to the subject, asking whether EIA really does improve the quality of life by being socially and environmentally responsible or is it merely bureaucratic game-playing. He looks at EIA in its political context and considers its role in the overall aims of sustainable development.

The Great Florida Birding Trail (GFBT). 2001. Birdwatching in Florida
Theme: ET
Region: AM
The Great Florida Birding Trail (GFBT) is a collection of sites throughout Florida selected for their excellent birdwatching or bird education opportunities. Description of a 2000-mile trail designed to conserve and enhance Florida's bird habitat by promoting birdwatching activities, environmental education and economic opportunity. Birders may download their calling cards leaving them every time they eat at a restaurant, buy gas, or stay in a hotel while on a birding trip. http://www.floridabirdingtrail.com/

Gurria Di-Bella, Manuel. 2000. El turismo rural sostenible como una oportunidad de desarrollo de las pequeÀas comunidades de los paises en desarrollo (available only in Spanish).
Theme: ET, EC
Region: AM
El trabajo trata de destacar la importancia economica que tiene la actividad turistica para las poblaciones receptoras por los beneficios que el hecho social puede producir a la vez que advierte los peligros que una actividad descontrolada presenta, por los aspectos negativos que pueden afectar a las comunidades. Available from: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/rural-tur-gurria.html

Hawkins, D.E., M.E. Wood, S. Bittman. 1995. The Ecolodge Sourcebook for Planners and Developers. The International Ecotourism Society. N. Bennington, Vt.
Theme: HE, ET, ST, PA
Region: W
This is the first well-rounded document on all aspects of ecolodge development, including site selection, finance, planning, design, alternative energy applications, conservation education guidelines, and a broad set of resources, including a variety of architectural plans for ecolodges. Case studies from around the world provide excellent examples of ecolodge projects set in different environments. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

Hay, John E. 1992. Ecotourism Business in the Pacific: Promoting a Sustainable Experience. Environmental Science, University of Auckland, East-West Center Association. Auckland, New Zealand.
Theme: ET, ST, EC
Region: OC
These are the proceedings of the first-ever Ecotourism Conference to be held in New Zealand, and the southern Pacific, for that matter. Contains a series of interesting papers, mostly dealing with the pioneer developments of ecotourism in the Pacific, with special emphasis on the business aspects. A very interesting source book.

Helvetas. 1998. Elementos de debate acerca de TURISMO y ECOTURISMO. Republica Dominicana. (available only in Spanish)
Libro publicado por el programa de conservacion ambiental de Helvetas. Con la publicacion de este documento el Programa de Conservacion Ambiental intenta alimentar el debate sobre el desarrollo y potencial que posee el ecoturismo con el fin de lograr en la Republica Dominicana un concepto ampliamente aceptado por todos los actores que intervienen en esta actividad y orientar los esfuerzos hacia un turismo ambiental y socialmente viable. Disponible a partir de: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica

Higgins, Bryan R. n/d. The Global Structure of the Nature Tourism Industry: Ecotourists, Tour Operators and Local Businesses
Theme: ET, EC
Region: W
Nature tourism and ecotourism are rapidly growing components of the international tourism industry. Although substantial research literature is developing on this topic, few works have systematically examined the increasing number of nature tour operators or the global business structure of the nature tourism industry. In response, this article reviews the literature regarding the global dimensions of the nature tourism industry, outlines a more comprehensive framework for understanding the global business organization of this sector, and sketches a geography of nature tour operators based within the United States. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html

Honey, Martha. 1999. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Island Press. Washington, DC.
Theme: ET, ST, EC
Region: AM, AF
A first-hand account of ecotourism around the world. Based on interviews and visits to ecotourist hotspots in Latin America and Africa, this book provides vivid descriptions and analysis of ecotourism and ecotourism projects as well as a compelling look at the promise and pitfalls of ecotourism. A good book for students of tourism and sustainable development, and a solid resource for scholars. Some portions of the book hastily researched and written. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

Hudson, Wendy E.(Editor). 1991. Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity : Defenders of Wildlife. Paperback (November 1991). Island Press; ISBN: 1559631090.
Theme: BCP, ST
Region: W
Studies links between landscape and biodiversity, and also refers to influence of tourism. Available from www.amazon.com

INBIO. 2001. INBio Web Site. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. Costa Rica. (available in Spanish and in English).
Theme: BCP; EC, PA
Region: AM
The Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) is a Costa Rican scientific institution with social orientation. It is non-profit and was created for the public good. Its mission is to promote a new awareness of the value of biodiversity, and thereby achieve its conservation and use to improve the quality of life. The web site contains a wealth of information on Costa Rica's rich biodiversity and describes the functions of INBio.
http://www.inbio.ac.cr/en/default.html

ISO. 2000. ISO 9000 and 14000. International Organization for Standardisation. Geneva, Switzerland. Theme: ST, BCP
Region: W
The International Organization for Standardisation (ISO), has recently set up a new international voluntary standard for environmental management systems (EMS) known as ISO 14001 (a part of the ISO 14000 core series). The ISO 9000 series embodies comprehensive quality management and quality assurance concepts and guidance, together with several models for external quality assurance requirements. ISO 9000 standards have proven to be a template for the creation of a sound quality system. The official ISO web site is: http://www.iso.ch/

Juda, Natacha and Sarah Richardson. 2001. Preliminary Assessment Of The Environmental And Social Effects Of Liberalisation In Tourism Services. A WWF International Discussion Paper.
Theme: ST, EC
Region: W
This study aims to identify and assess potential environmental and social effects of trade and trade liberalisation in the tourism sector. It identifies ways through which changes in the services sector, brought about by liberalisation, can be linked to sustainable development. For a copy of this paper contact: Mireille Perrin, Policy Adviser, Trade & Investment Unit, WWF International, Ave Mt Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland; tel: (41-22) 364-9026; fax: 364-8219; email: mperrin@wwfint.org. The paper will also shortly be available on the WWF website at: http://www.panda.org

Khelladi, Yacine. 2000. Elementos para un diagnostico del turismo alternativo en la Republica
Dominicana (available only in Spanish)
Theme: ST, ET
Region: AM
Descripcion de elementos del diagnostico realizado sobre la situacion, potenciales y problemas del turismo alternativo y "eco"turismo en Republica Dominicana, dentro del marco del proyecto Kiskeya Alternativa. Se obtiene a traves de: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/diagnostico-turismo-alternativo.html

Graefe, A.R., F.R. Kuss, and J.J. Vaske. 1990. Visitor Impact Management (VIM). The Planning Framework. National Parks and Conservation Association. Washington, DC. Theme: ST, ET, BCP
Region: AM
This document describes a technique (VIM) designed for assessing and managing the environmental and experiential impacts of increasing numbers of visitors to natural areas. VIM recognises that recreational impacts on the environment and the quality of the recreational experience are complex and influenced by factors other than use levels. The eight steps that comprise the VIM process are amply described.

Hoyt, Erich. 2000. Whale Watching 2000: Worldwide Tourism Numbers, Expenditures, and Expanding Socioeconomic Benefits. International Fund for Animal Welfare. Crowborough, UK.
Theme: ST, ET, BCP, PA
Region: AM
A comprehensive updated report on whale watching which, as a commercial endeavour - with important educational, environmental, scientific and other socio-economic benefits - is now at least a US$1 billion industry involving more than 9 million people a year in 87 countries and territories (157pp.) Downloadable as a 635K Word file or a 183K zipped Word file from: http://www.ifaw.org/press/pr082200.html

Lawrence, Kathryn. 1994. Sustainable Tourism Development in Protected Area Economics and Policy. Linking Conservation an Sustainable Development. The World Bank and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Washington, DC.
Theme: ST, EC, PA
Region: W
This document looks at the development of the tourism industry from an economic, environmental, and social viewpoint, addressing the issue of sustainable tourism development and proposing a method of basing tourism development on acceptable levels of social and environmental change.

Lazaroff, Cat. 2000. Whale Watching on the Web Resource Guide.
Theme: ET, EC, BCP, PA
Region: W
This interesting article states that whale watching provides coastline countries around the world with more than US$1 billion every year, according to a new 175-page economic report published by the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). This study adds weight to arguments that whales are worth more alive than dead, and demonstrates that even in whaling countries, people spend money to watch living whales. Over 7.7 million people a year go whale watching in country members of the International Whaling Commission (IWC). See the article in: http://www.planeta.com/ecotravel/resources/whales.html

Lindberg, Kreg and Jeremy Enriquez. 1994. An Analysis of Ecotourism's Economic Contribution to Conservation and Development in Belize. Vols. I and II. WWF. New York City. Theme: EC, ET
Region: AM
Provides a detailed examination of the tourism economy in Belize, how it presently contributes to conservation, and how that contribution could be significantly increased at local and national levels.

Lindberg, Kreg, Megan Epler Wood, David Engeldrum. 1993 & 1999. Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers, Volumes 1 and 2. The International Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vt
Theme: ET, EC, PA
Region: W
These two volumes have been used internationally as a resource for ecotourism professionals and as a text for university courses. It is a valuable guide providing in-depth how-to information with instructive case studies. Six years after the publication of the first volume, TIES has produced a timely and thoughtful follow-up. The text is a little dry, but engaging. Particularly interesting chapters are Megan Epler Wood's "New Directions in the Ecotourism Industry," Andy Drumm's "New Approaches to a Community-based Ecotourism Management," and Simon McArthur's "Introducing the Undercapitalised World of Interpretation." The two volume set may be the best introduction to the depth and breadth of this topic. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org.

Lindberg, K., B. Furze, M. Staff et al. 1997. Ecotourism in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues and Outlook. Asia Pacific Forestry Commission. United Nations FAO, USDA Forest Service. Theme: ET, EC
Region: AS, OC
An excellent introduction to ecotourism in the Asia-Pacific region which includes tourism statistics, country reports, and in-depth discussion of issues and options for future management. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org.

Mader, Ron. 2001. The Role of the Internet in Integrating Biodiversity and Tourism.
Theme: ST, ET, BCP
Region: W
This online text is based upon a presentation made by Planeta.com Webhost Ron Mader at the Integrating Biodiversity and Tourism Conference sponsored by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and held in Mexico City, March, 2001. Over the past decade, the author has developed some practical ideas about how to use the Internet in developing, organising and promoting ecotourism. The Internet offers a multitude of resources for those working in the field of environmental tourism -- park managers, tour operators and travellers. Transparency is key to cross-border information sharing. It also facilitates inclusivity and participation from various sectors. http://www.planeta.com/planeta/01/0103integrate.html

McCool, Stephen F. 1994. Linking Tourism, the Environment and Concepts of Sustainability: Setting the Stage
Theme: ST, ET, BCP
Region: W
This paper argues that sustainability and the linkages to both social and natural environments provide new challenges for tourism researchers, and that research must now be more holistic, more encompassing and more sensitive to the needs for relevant policy. It outlines the new directions that researchers should focus on. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html

McLaren, Deborah. 1997. Rethinking Ecotourism and Ecotravel: The Paving of Paradise and What You Can Do to Stop It! Kumarian Press.
Theme: ET, ST, BCP
Region: W
This book presents a comprehensive overview of the history and global development of the tourism industry and its environmental consequences. It is a critical and thought provoking book which explores the impact that tourism is having around the world. It analyses how tourism, if carried out in a sustainable way, can improve the lives of local people and the environment.

Mittermeier, Russell A. et al. 1997. Megadiversity. Earth's Biologically Wealthiest Nations. CEMEX/Conservation International. 502 pages. Mexico, DF.
Theme: BCP, PA
Region: W
An attractive, large-format book which is a real treasure house on aspects of megadiversity around the world. After an overall global analysis of biodiversity, the book deals in detail with the 17 megadiversity countries in which the greatest part of biological diversity on planet earth is to be found. According to this work, the 17 megadiversity countries are: Brazil, Indonesia, Colombia, Australia, Mexico, Madagascar, Peru, China, Philippines, India, Ecuador, Venezuela, South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, and the US. Some 500 photographs of flagship animal and plant species, of rare and unique forms, as well as the human cultures that have flourished in these megadiversity countries thanks to that natural wealth, are included in this book. Available from Conservation International: http://www.ecotour.org/ecotour.htm

National Park Service. 1993. Guiding Principles of Sustainable Design. U.S. Department of the Interior. Denver, Colorado, US
Theme: HE, ET, ST
Region: W, AM
A practical handbook, intended to provide a basis for achieving sustainability in facility planning and design, emphasise the importance of biodiversity, and encourage responsible development decisions in parks and other conservation areas, particularly where related to ecotourism. This merger of sustainable development and ecotourism provides great opportunities for affecting visitor perceptions of the natural and cultural world, and developing conservation-oriented values. It is a marriage that clearly distinguish sustainable development from traditional mass tourism development.

Nam Ng, Cho and Dr. Y. Li . 2001. Eco-tourism in Hong Kong: its potentials and limitations
Theme: ET, ST, BCP; HE
Region: W, AM
This paper discusses the eco-tourism potential of Hong Kong, and in particular, focuses on its advantages in terms of its biodiversity, infrastructure and associations with China mainland, andits limitations (physical and geographical). Available from: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/hong-kong.htm

Norman, William, Eric Frauman, Lorin Toepper and Ercan Sirakaya. N/d. Green Evaluation Program and Compliance of Nature Tour Operators
Theme: ET Region: W, AM The final results of a two-year initiative led by TIES to determine if tour operators are meeting the standards published in its publication, Ecotourism Guidelines for Nature Tour Operators (1993). This paper looks at consumer surveys as a method to determine if tour operators are following guidelines and includes the results of a one-year pilot study in the country of Ecuador. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html

Office of National Tourism -(Australia) - Best Practice Ecotourism - Section 1.1
Theme: ET, ST, HE
Region: OC
Describes current industry practices in energy and waste minimisation. Ecotourism and nature-based tourism operators are genuinely concerned about the impact of their activities on Australia's natural and cultural environments. At the same time, there is a growing awareness that generating waste and consumerism is severely damaging the environment. This paper may be seen online for free at: http://www.isr.gov.au/sport_tourism/publications/bpe/section1.html - size 13.841 bytes - 8/05/00 6:41:12

Office of National Tourism - (Australia) - From Projects to Networks - PLANNING DEVELOPING TOURISM BY POOLING COMMUNITY RESOURCES: Ecotourism research and planning through community empowerment. Graduate School of Environmental Science, Monash University
Theme: ET, EC
Region: OC
Describes developing tourism by pooling community resources, repositioning regional images, the great green way, a model for Victorian tourism. This paper may be seen online for free at: http://www.isr.gov.au/sport_tourism/publications/pton/cbs_0797.html

Office of National Tourism - Best Practice Ecotourism - Marketing Energy & Waste Minimisation
Theme: ET, EC, HE Region: OC
Highlights the environmental and other benefits of energy and waste minimisation strategies implemented by ecotourism operators. While most ecotourism operations emphasise their links with the natural environment in their marketing and promotion, there is not enough information on energy and waste minimisation. This paper may be seen online FOR FREE at: http://www.isr.gov.au/sport_tourism/publications/bpe/marketingenergy.html - size 11.765 bytes - 8/05/00 6:41:03 GMT

Palmer, Michelle. 1990. Signposts and gatekeepers: Tourist information and holiday experience in the Dominican Republic. Theme: ET, ST, PA
Region: AM
This paper argues that the pervasiveness of a wide variety of informational sources supplied by and through a wide range ´gatekeepers' effectively creates a whole range of signposts that impact on the ways in which this reflexivity allows engagement to take place with a destination. Available from: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/palmer/signs.html

Pam Wight & Associates. 1999. Catalogue of Exemplary Practices in Adventure Travel and Ecotourism. Canadian Tourism Commission: Ottawa.
Theme: ET, ST, PA, EC
Region: AM
This interesting document contains detailed descriptions of best practice examples in adventure travel and ecotourism in Canada. It is available in the following website:www.canadatourism.ca Parks Canada. 2000. Working Together: Parks and Protected Areas in Canada. Federal Provincial Parks Council Report.
Theme: PA, BCP, EC, ST; ET
Region: AM
This document contains a wealth of information on Canada's national parks and protected areas, the biodiversity they contain, planning and conservation aspects, and ways in which Canadian society is collaborating in the management of conservation of this extremely rich resource. The whole document is available at: http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/library/fppc/english/fppcreport_e.pdf

Paryski, Paul. n/d. Can Haiti dream of ecotourism? (available in English and in French)
Theme: ET, ST, PA
Region: AM
Despite centuries of degradation, Haiti still possesses abundant environmental attractions - but careful management is needed for ecotourism to really benefit the country. A paper by Paul Paryski, who directed an environmental unit for the UN Development Program in Haiti and has played a key role in the establishment of Haiti's national parks. Available from: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/haiti-dream-ecotourism.html

Patterson, Carol. 1997. The Business of Ecotourism - The Complete Guide for Nature and Culture-Based Tourism Operations. Explorer's guide Publishing. Rhinelander, Wisconsin., USA. Theme: ET, EC
Region: W, AM
A no-nonsense business handbook for the nature and culture-based tourism industries - Designed to help both big businesses and small start up, improve, and excel in their ecotourism ventures. As the author says, "If the heart of ecotourism rests in a love of nature, wildlife, and native cultures, then the brains of ecotourism must tend to the day-to-day business operations - the logical processes which can transform this love into a viable business without compromising principles." This book not only meets all the criteria of an exceptional business handbook, but addresses the special needs of ecotourism operators as well. The book covers a wide range of topics, from budgets and business plans to setting environmental policies and developing partnerships. It is thorough without sacrificing readability, concise without omitting crucial steps in the business process, and practical without being overly simplistic. Using a building blocks approach, author Carol Patterson helps you analyse your unique business, identify obstacles, and offers suggestions and solutions for a "win-win" strategy between business and nature. Author's website: http://www.desocom.com/egp_eco.html

Perlman, Dan L. And Edward O. Wilson. 2000. Conserving Earth's Biodiversity. Software edition (CD-ROM). Island Press. Amazon.com price: $35.95. Theme: BCP, EC, PA, ST
Region: W, AM
This CD-ROM was developed by science educator Dan Perlman (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA), based on the teachings and writings of renowned biologist Edward O. Wilson (emeritus, Harvard U.). Text presentation is augmented with video clips of E.O. Wilson, interactive exercises, maps, questions, case studies, colour photographs, and links to conservation websites. Unique new learning tool with renowned biologist E.O.Wilson. An entirely new way to study and teach conservation biology and environmental science. A pioneering educational tool. A groundbreaking and visually stunning program, this is a superb introduction to a field of critical importance presented by one of the most accomplished scientists of our time. E.O. Wilson introduces a wide variety of conservation topics, helping students understand the major aspects of conservation biology, including its biological, social, political, and economic elements, and describes what needs to be known and understood in order to effectively protect biodiversity. Conserving Earth's Biodiversity offers a learning experience that transcends what can be accomplished by a studying a textbook or listening to a lecture. Some references are made on tourism. The CD ROM includes unique and engaging features that allow users to interact with the program and explore topics in-depth.

Perrings, Charles et al. 1997. Biodiversity Loss: Economic and Ecological Issues. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. Theme: BCP, EC, ST
Region: W, E
This volume reports key findings from the Biodiversity Programme of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences' Beijer Institute. In encouraging collaborative interdisciplinary work between economics and ecology, it sought to shed new light on the concept of diversity; the implications of biological diversity for the functioning of ecosystems; the driving forces behind biodiversity loss; and the options for promoting biodiversity conservation. Solutions lie in local rather than global incentive reform. The study includes some discussion on tourism issues linked to biodiversity conservation.

Pinto, Alicia. 2000. Ecotourism Case Studies in the United States. The International Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vt.
Theme: ET, EC
Region: AM
This is the first book containing an excellent collection of ecotourism projects in the United States. It contains in-depth case studies on U.S. ecotourism projects, and a series of appendices valuable to anyone interested in learning more about the state of ecotourism in the U.S. Five chapters relate to regional ecotourism planning, enhancement, product development, marketing and more. . Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

Post, Jan C. 1994. The Economic Feasibility and Ecological Sustainability of the Bonaire Marine Park, Dutch Antilles in Protected Area Economics and Policy. Linking Conservation an Sustainable Development. The World Bank and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Washington, DC.
Theme: EC, BCP, ET, PA
Region: AM
The Bonaire Marine Park provides a good example of an area where biodiversity conservation and economic development have been mutually reinforcing. The park seems thus far to be ecologically sustainable, and institutionally functioning well, while at the same time constituting the mainstay of the island's economy. Close monitoring of the health of the reef as a function of the number of divers is necessary to set eventual limits, whereas strict pollution control is essential.

Preece, N.,P. van Oosterzee and D. James. 1995. Two Way Track. Biodiversity Conservation and Ecotourism: an investigation of linkages, mutual benefits and future opportunities. Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories. Canberra, Australia.
Theme: BCP, ET
Region: OC
This 88-page report describes interaction between biodiversity conservation and planning, stating that the health of Australia's biodiversity will be a major factor in the expansion of the tourism industry. Much of Australia's $26 billion a year (in 1995) tourism industry is based on aspects of the natural environment. The document discusses policies, strategies and agreements on biodiversity, protection of natural areas, markets for nature-based tourism and ecotourism, and roles of industry and government. You can read the complete text at: http://chm.environment.gov.au/publications/biodivers5/index.html

Prince, Nelson Sherre. 2000. The inter-relationship between nature based tourism in a community and nearby lodges in the Brazilian Amazon
Theme: ET, HE
Region: AM
Evaluation of the inter-relations between a riverine community and local jungle lodges used for ecotourism in the Brazilian Amazon. Available from: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/amazon.html

Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.(Editor), Don E. Wilson (Editor) Edward Osborne Wilson (Editor). 1997. Biodiversity II : Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources. National Academy Press; ISBN: 0309055849. Paperback - 560 pages. Price amazon.com $23.96. Theme: BCP, PA, ST Region: W
A 10-year update and report on the concerns expressed at a 1986 forum and published in the best-selling by National Academy Press in 1988. Addresses the research and technological innovations in biodiversity studies, recent scientific findings, and trends in environmental conditions and responses to them. Accessible to non-scientists. In "Biodiversity", Edward O. Wilson warned of the dangers of altering and destroying our environment. "Biodiversity II" explores new strategies for quantifying, understanding, and protecting biodiversity. It also explores ecosystem restoration, sustainable development, and agricultural impact and reinforces the idea that conservation of our biological resources is within reach. Some references to tourism. This is a book that every environmental economist should have in collection. It covers a wide range of issues from the many aspects of biodiversity to its assessment and conservation. Its content is systematic and somewhat technical, and yet accessible for non-biologists. An appropriate aid for research, with useful case studies.

Potts, Thomas D. 1996. Making Nature Your Business. A Guide for Starting a Nature Tourism Business in the Lone Star State. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department. Austin, Texas, USA.
Theme: ET, EC
Region: AM
A practical booklet for persons who want to start a nature tourism business, since it is recognised that they need a pathway that is clearly defined, or they could lose valuable time, investment capital and natural resources. It describes several initiatives that the State of Texas is putting forward, including the Great Texas coastal Birding Trail. The document stresses that tourism should contribute positively to local communities and resources and that businesses should adopt or reaffirm an environmental stewardship ethic for the business. It provides eight steps toward starting a nature tourism business.

Roe, Dilys, Nigel Leader-Williams and Barry Dalal-Clayton. n/d. Take Only Photographs, Leave Only Footprints: The Environmental Impacts of Wildlife Tourism
Theme: ET, BCP
Region: W
This paper sets wildlife tourism in its global perspective and reviews a broad range of different wildlife tourism initiatives and their associated environmental impacts. The study indicates clearly that it is not possible to make generalisations concerning the environmental effects associated with wildlife tourism. Only a few case studies have been identified that actually document the environmental impacts of wildlife tourism. It is clear that development agencies need to consider proposals for wildlife tourism developments on a case-by-case basis in order to determine the environmental impacts that are likely to arise, and that further research is required in order to develop effective policies and plans for wildlife tourism. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html

SBSTTA. 2000. Development Of Approaches And Practices For The Sustainable Use Of Biological Resources, Including Tourism. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/4/11 17 February 1999
Theme: BCP, ST, ET Region: W
This is the complete text of Item 4.8 of the Provisional Agenda of the fourth Meeting of SBSTTA, held in Montreal, Canada, 21-25 June 1999. Contains very valuable information on the role of tourism in the sustainable use of biological resources. The sustainable use of the components of biological diversity is one of the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. For the purposes of the Convention, "sustainable use" means the use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations" (Article 2). This definition of sustainable use is consistent with the concept of sustainable development as elaborated in the Rio Principles and Agenda 21, whereby "sustainable development" meets the needs and aspirations of the current generations without compromising the ability to meet those of future generations. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without the sustainable use of the world's biological resources. The concept of sustainable use is grounded in Article 10 on sustainable use of components of biological diversity and Article 6 on general measures for conservation and sustainable use of the Convention on Biodiversity.

SBSTTA. 2001. Sustainable Tourism. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA
Theme: BCP, ST, ET
Region: W
This web site contains a description of CBD activities related to sustainable tourism, case studies, and other related links on the CBD web site. Contains Annex II of Decision IV/16 of SBSTTA and paragraph of Decision IV/15. http://www.biodiv.org/chm/sustour/ index.html

Schubert, Andreas and Renato Perez. n/d. "Hacia el Techo del Caribe- Caminatas al Pico Duarte (available only in Spanish) Theme: ET
Region: AM
Toda la informacion posible para llegar al Pico Duarte (Republica Dominicana): cuando realizar las caminatas, por donde subir, como llegar a los puntos de partida, sobre los guias practicos, el alquiler de los mulos, combinacion de senderos, cosas que se deben llevar, las reglas mas importantes que regulan la conservacion del patrimonio natural que es el Pico Duarte y su entorno A todo lo largo del trabajo existen ilustraciones de imagenes escenicas y de personajes, plasmadas con maestria tal, que mueven las fibras menos sensitivas a realizar esa aventura inolvidable que es subir al Pico Duarte. Disponible a partir de: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica

SECTUR 2000. Politica y Estrategia Nacional para el Desarrollo Turistico Sustentable. Secretaria de Turismo (SECTUR). Mexico, DF. (available only in Spanish) Theme: ST, ET, EC, PA, BCP
Region: AM
This official document describes the National Policy and Strategy of Sustainable Tourism development, which was developed jointly by SECTUR, SEMARNAP (Ministry of the Environment) and CONABIO. There are sections on management guidelines, training, education, certification, social participation, recuperation and preservation, promotion, financing, and intersectoral participation.

SECTUR 2000. Guia Oficial de Destinos para el Turismo de Aventura, Ecoturismo y Turismo Rural en Mexico. Secretaria de Turismo (SECTUR). Mexico, DF. (available only in Spanish) Theme: ST, ET, PA
Region: AM
This official guide produced by SECTUR describes a number of adventure travel, ecotourism, and rural tourism destinations in Mexico. Good information on main attractions, access, lodging, restaurants and local tourism services. However, information on the biodiversity resources of each destination is scanty and superficial.

SECTUR. 2000. Catalogo Mexicano de Casos Exitosos en Turismo Sustentable. Secretaria de Turismo (SECTUR). Mexico, DF. (available only in Spanish) Theme: ST, ET, PA
Region: AM
This official document describes what are deemed successful examples of sustainable tourism cases in Mexico: programmes, projects and specific destinations. Each case includes a description of organisations involved, objectives and strategies, problems and solutions, sustainability, funding, results, lessons learned, and follow-up activities. Geographical coverage is partial, including only 9 of Mexico's 32 states.

SECTUR. 2001. SECTUR Official website. Secretaria de Turismo (SECTUR) Mexico (available in English and in Spanish). Theme: ST, ET, PA
Region: AM
This official website of the Mexican Ministry of Tourism describes the main tourism attractions of Mexico, with valuable information on lodging, restaurants and main tourism tourism destinations, especially beaches, archaeological sites and colonial cities. There is a section on ecotourism, but information contained is superficial, and there is little mention of details of the biodiversity richness of Mexico and the need to conserve this heritage. http://mexico-travel.com/mexico/owa/sectur.inicio

Serulle Ramia Jose. 1999. Ecoturismo Y Desarrollo Sostenible En Republica Dominicana , El Caribe Y El Mundo. Ediciones Fundacion Ciencia y Arte (available only in Spanish) Theme: ET, ST
Region: AM
En este libro penetramos y viajamos por el hermoso "ecomundo" de la fauna y la flora, de los sistemas costero-marinos, de los paisajes diversos y espacios naturales en la vida de las comunidades y de los pueblos, con sus riquezas folkloricas, sus ritos, su espiritualidad y su inmensa hospitalidad, o sea su identidad cultural y grandeza humana. Esta lectura nos llevara, pues, a ser mas compromisarios, en las palabras y en los hechos, en la defensa de nuestro planeta, es decir, en la busqueda constante del desarrollo sostenible. Disponible a partir de: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica

SINAC/INBIO. 2001. Estrategia Nacional de Conservacion y Uso Sostenible de la Biodiversidad. Costa Rica.
Theme: BCP, EC, PA
Region: AM
This web site provides good information on the National Biodiversity Strategy of Costa Rica, and also background information on CBD. There is a good description of the great variety of ecosystems in that country, and also a section on legal and institutional aspects of biodiversity conservation and planning. http://www.minae.go.cr/estrategia/estudio/indice.html

Sproule, Keith W. n/d. Community-Based Ecotourism development: Identifying Partners in the Process Theme: ET, EC
Region: W
The focus of this paper is on achieving conservation and development objectives through development of Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE) enterprises. The premise of the paper is that successful CBE initiatives are supported by partnerships between communities and government, non-government and private sectors. To this end, an overview of which of those partners can support which type of initiatives is discussed. Finally, a few thoughts are provided about CBE initiatives in the context of a national tourism market and what might be included in a National CBE Development Strategy. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html

Stankey, G.H. et al. 1985. The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) System for Wilderness Planning. Forest Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Ogden, Utah, USA. Theme: BCP, ST, ET
Region: AM
This document describes in detail the characteristics of the LAC technique, which concentrates on establishing measurable limits to human-induced changes in the natural and social setting of parks and protected areas, and on identifying appropriate management strategies to maintain and/ore restore desired conditions. The LAC framework is based on resource management by objective.

Stonich, Susan. 2000. The Other Side of Paradise. New York Cognizant Communication.
Theme: ET, BCP, EC
Region: AM
This sound academic analysis reviews tourism, conservation and development in the Bay Islands (Central American Caribbean region). The author has focused on tourism and development for many years and this volume is a well-written synthesis of her findings. She explores the historical legacy of the Bay Islands and the expansion of the international tourism market. All is not well in Paradise as she documents the negative impacts on the communities and the local ecosystems. Maps, black and white photos and illustrations complement the text. Book Page: http://www.cognizantcommunication.com/filecabinet/osp.htm#osphome

Sweeting, James, Aaron Bruner and Amy Rosenfeld. 1999. The Green Host Effect: An Integrated Approach to Tourism and Resort Development. Conservation International. Washington, DC. Theme: HE, ST
Region: W, AM
This publication offers recommendations for responsible tourism and resort development, to both minimise the industry's negative environmental and social impacts, and increase the overall positive contribution of tourism to conservation and local well-being. The conclusions and recommendations are sound, though they could be more specific. The only serious omissions are examples from CI's own body of work in ecotourism planning and development. Available from Conservation International: http://www.ecotour.org/ecotour.htm; Email: j.sweeting@conservation.org

The International Ecotourism Society. 1993. Ecotourism Guidelines for Nature Tour Operators. TIES. N. Bennington, Vt. Theme: ET
Region: W, AM
This original English version of the guidelines is possibly the most widely distributed ecotourism guidelines in the world. Still a must for all ecotourism professionals. Provides the most up-to-date standards for the operation of tours in fragile natural areas. Includes guidelines for pre-departure programs, general principles of guiding tours, prevention of environmental and cultural impacts, monitoring programs, training, conservation contribution programs, local employment and jobs programs. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

The International Ecotourism Society. 1993. Directrices para el Ecoturismo: Una Guia para los Operadopres de Turismo Naturalista. TIES. N. Bennington, Vt.
Theme: ET
Region: W, AM
Spanish version of Ecotourism Guidelines for Nature Tour Operators. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

The International Ecotourism Society. Select Ecotourism Research Papers.
Theme: ET, ST, HE, EC
Region: W
Online papers that appear on this web page were selected by TIES staff as examples of research excellence. They present cutting-edge research techniques and results. Check here FOR FREE every six months for a new list of the top published and unpublished research papers from around the world: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html If you would like to submit a paper, send it to: The International Ecotourism Society. Email: ecomail@ecotourism.org

The International Ecotourism Society. 2000. The Business of Nature Lodges. The International Ecotourism Society, North Bennington, Vermont, USA
Theme: HE, ET, EC
Region: W
This publication outlines the findings from a survey of 120 nature-based lodges, addressing for the first time applied research on the business of ecotourism. The survey was designed to create a financial overview of international ecolodges and nature tourism accommodations worldwide. Factors analyzed include: occupancy rates, return on investment, replacement cost, methods of project finance, profit/loss, obstacles to profitability, and market considerations. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

The International Ecotourism Society. (announced for late 2001). International Ecolodge Guidelines. Burlington, Vermont, USA
Theme: HE, ET, EC
Region: W
This publication, announced to appear in late 2001, will provide detailed guidelines on all aspects of ecolodge development, including site selection, planning and design; minimising bio-physical impacts; architectural design; minimising socio-economic and cultural impacts; legal and financial factors; operation and management; marketing and promotion; education, training, extension and interpretation; monitoring and evaluation. It will be available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

Trousdale, William J. n/d. Appropriate Tourism Impact Assessment: A Case Study of Kankiki Point Resort, Plawan, Philippines.
Theme: ET, ST
Region: AS
This case study is intended to alert the reader to opportunities and constraints of managing tourism's impacts in a developing world setting and provide an effective approach for conducting an Appropriate Tourism Impact Assessment. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html http://www.ecotourism.org/textfiles/etspaper.txt

Twynam, David, Margaret Johnston and Bob Payne. n/d. Ecotourism and sustainable tourism guidelines: An annotated bibliography. Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
Theme: ET, ST
Region: AM
This annotated bibliography contains information about published literature and other sources with relevance to the Caribbean ecotourism and sustainable tourism guidelines. The general theme of the bibliography is the management of tourism through sustainable tourism frameworks. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html

UNEP. 2001. Principles for Implementation of Sustainable Tourism. UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE). Production and Consumption Unit. Tourism Programme. Paris, France.
Theme: ST, HE, EC
Region: W
The Tourism Programme of UNEP's DTIE produced this document for UNEP's 21st Governing Council Meeting. UNEP surveyed a considerable number of the main guidelines that are already available worldwide, and consolidated and summarised these into a single set of principles, in a general and concise way. These principles, which hopefully will be widely applied, are grouped into four main themes: Integration of Tourism into Overall Policy for Sustainable Development, Development of Sustainable Tourism, Management of Tourism, Conditions for Success. To read a summary of the document, see: www.uneptie.org/tourism/home.html

UNEP/IHRA. 1995. Environmental Action Pack for Hotels: Practical Steps to Benefit your Business and the Environment. The International Hotel Association. UNEP Industry and Environment Technical Report N 31.
Theme: HE, ST, EC
Region: W
A practical handbook to help hotels set up their own individually tailored environmental programme and form part of a wider regional and world wide network to share experiences and take joint action as necessary. Environmental management of hotels not only provides worthwhile results in environmental terms but also in terms of real business benefits, such as reduced costs and liabilities, greater service quality and customer satisfaction and improved corporate image. The document contains sections on "green health check", action checklists, operating your business environmentally, energy, solid waste, water, effluents and emissions, contractors and suppliers, and business issues. . This document may be obtained from UNEP-Industry and Environment in Paris: http://www.uneptie.org/tourism/

UNEP/IHRA. 1996. Environmental Good Practice in Hotels. Case Studies from the IHRA Environmental Award. International Hotel & Restaurant Association. UNEP-Industry and Environment. Paris, France.
Theme: HE, ST
Region: W
This publication presents 15 case studies selected from applications to the IH&RA Environmental Award 1992-1995, which were judged in 1995 by UNEP-Industry and Environment. The case studies selected are drawn from around the world, from small independent hotels and large international chains. They reveal a diversity of approaches to environmental management, based on criteria such as: the environmental properties of each region; the cost of water, energy, waste disposal and other resources; the location and size of the property; the availability of technology; the level of green consumerism. This document may be obtained from UNEP-Industry and Environment in Paris: http://www.uneptie.org/tourism/goodprac.html

UNEP/WTO/FEE. 1996. Awards for Improving the Coastal Environment. The Example of the Blue Flag. UNEP-Industry and Environment. Paris, France.
Theme: ST, BCP
Region: E
This document describes one way in which tourism is being integrated with the coastal environment: the European Blue Flag campaign, launched in 1985, which is an award system in which European beaches that fulfil a number of exacting criteria in relation to factors such as the quality of bathing water, cleanliness and safety are given the right to fly the Blue Flag. In 1995, 1463 European beaches were awarded Blue Flags. Since more than half of the world's population lives within 60 km of a coastline, the world's coastal areas are exposed to rapid urban growth, increasing population pressure, pressures from major industries, particularly tourism, and extensive exploitation of marine resources. This publication may be obtained from UNEP-Industry and Environment in Paris: fax 33 1 44 37 1474, e-mail: unepie@unep.fr Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo. N/d. Maestria En Ecoturismo de la Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo. (available only in Spanish) Descripcion de la Maestria En Ecoturismo de la Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo. Disponible a traves de: http://www.kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/maestria-uasd.html

Valdez M., Raul. 1999. Design of urban tourist routes for Puebla City (Mexico), a cluster analysis application.
Theme: ST, HE
Region: AM
This paper describes an investigation whose objective are (1) To know the global image that Puebla City (in central Mexico) offers to visitors. (2) To determine the experiences lived by the tourist visiting Puebla City. (3) To identify the main tourism attractions, in order to design the more accurate urban tourism routes of Puebla City. Available from: http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/puebla-valdez.html

Wallace, George N. n/d. Toward a Principled Evaluation of Ecotourism Ventures Theme: ET, PA Region: AM This paper discusses a systematic approach to evaluating ecotourism operations in a given locale. It employs a set of six principles as the basis for evaluation. Indicators and standards are site-specific and agreed upon by managers and stakeholders. When possible, tour operators, protected area managers (public and private), visitors and local people participate in the evaluation. The paper gives its definition of ecotourism, discusses how the principles and valuative methods were derived, and describes the evolution of the methodology by looking at ecotour operations in both the Brazilian and Ecuadorian portions of the Amazon Basin. Suggestions are then offered for improving the approach. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html Wells, Michael P. 1994. Parks Tourism in Nepal: Reconciling the Social and Economic Opportunities with the Ecological and Cultural Threats in Protected Area Economics and Policy. Linking Conservation an Sustainable Development. The World Bank and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Washington, DC.

Theme: ET, PA, EC Region: AS An interesting analysis that concludes that economic benefits from protected area tourism in Nepal was not providing (in the early 90s) an adequate incentive for effective park management. Only a very small proportion of the total economic value of protected area tourism has been realized inside Nepal, despite the obvious economic importance of tourism to the country. Many of the problems facing the country's protected areas arise from significant imbalances between economic cost and benefits at local levels - in communities close to park boundaries.

Wesche, Rolf and Andy Drumm. 1999. Defending our Rainforest: A Guide to Community-based Ecotourism in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Accion Amazonia. Theme: ET, PA Region: AM This compact, practical guide book includes maps and colour photos, together with information on each of over 40 community ecotourism projects in some of the Amazon's most spectacular areas. It also contains chapters on the characteristics of community-based ecotourism, the cultural and environmental context, the role of the responsible traveller and tips for travellers. Available from the International Ecotourism Society: http://www.ecotourism.org

Wight, Pam. n/d. Catalogue of Exemplary Practices in Adventure Travel and Ecotourism . Pam Wight & Associates for the Canadian Tourist Commission. Theme: ET, EC Region: AM The principle purpose of this text is to document exemplary practices among ecotourism and adventure travel operators, which will enable sharing a range of successful practices within the industry and among various players: operators, key stakeholders and the tourism industry. This Catalogue of Exemplary Practices is intended as a tool to enable operators to review the applicability of a wide range of successful, practical approaches to their own operations. Available FOR FREE on The International Ecotourism Society website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.html

Wood, Megan Epler. 1998. Meeting the Global Challenge of Community Participation in Ecotourism: Case Studies and Lessons from Ecuador. Nature Conservancy America Verde Publications. Washington, DC 1998). Theme: ET, EC
Region: AM
This report offers a series of targeted recommendations for the development of community ecotourism programs including questions of training, optimal business structures, linkages to the global marketplace, the need for market data, and facing the problem of conflicting land-use strategies. This working paper successfully provides examples from Ecuador that showcase the need for community involvement. Recognition must go to The Nature Conservancy for publishing a work that it is, in fact, fairly critical about a TNC project (Playa de Oro). The entire report traces the development of ecotourism in Ecuador and provides a list of recommendations. Available from America Verde Publications. Email: americaverde@tnc.org

World Tourism Organization. 2000. Sustainable Development of Tourism - A Compilation of Good Practices.
Theme: ST, ET, EC, HE, PA
Region: W
The progress towards a more sustainable tourism industry is best demonstrated through success stories. This publication contains around 50 examples of good practices in sustainable development and management of tourism, collected from 31 countries. A great variety of projects are presented, ranging from local to regional and national levels, including activities of the public, private and NGO sectors, covering aspects of eco-, rural- and cultural tourism, accommodations, tour operations, transportation, protected area management, regulatory and voluntary frameworks, among others. Each case is described in a systematic order, including detailed background information, success factors for sustainability, problems aroused and their solutions, lessons learnt, and monitoring activities. This publication will be of great value to tourism officials, managers, researchers, and anyone interested in the tourism industry. Advertised in WTO web site: www.world-tourism.org

WWF. 2001. Convention on Biological Diversity. COP.5 Nairobi, Kenya
Theme: BCP
Region: W
The Fifth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP.5) provides yet another opportunity, and challenge, for the international community to make important policy decisions that will affect the future of the world's remaining biodiversity. This overview paper highlights WWF's main policy recommendations contained in the above mentioned papers. We invite the COP.5 and individual Parties, NGOs and other organisations to adopt and implement these recommendations. The detailed policy papers can be accessed from WWF's website: www.panda.org/resources/publications/sustainability/

WWF. 2000. Convention on Biological Diversity. WWF plays a catalytic role in implementing
Theme: BCP
Region: W
A recently completed independent evaluation of a 4.1 million SFs project to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity shows that WWF has been highly successful in translating many issues of the Convention into action in nine countries. See in WWF's website: -- http://www.panda.org/resources/publications/sustainability/cbd/

WWF. 2000. Discussion Papers for the SBSTTA.5 Meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity, January 2000 Theme: BCP Region: W
You may download the whole SBSTTA document. The 'Index.doc' contains the index of papers, which include: Overview paper, WWF background papers, and WWF Discussion Papers/Case Studies. See WWF Website: http://www.panda.org/resources/publications/sustainability/sbstta/

WWF. 2001. Tourism Web Site Theme: ET, ST, BCP, EC, PA Region: W
This is WWF's web site on tourism. WWF's mission is to conserve nature and ecological processes, to seek the sustainable use of natural resources, and to promote the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption whilst recognizing and respecting human needs and livelihoods. Our aim is to slow down, and eventually reverse, the accelerating degradation of our planet's natural environment; and to help build the future in which people live in harmony with nature. WWF Position statement on Tourism: 5 pages you can download. http://www.panda.org/resources/publications/sustainability/tourism/

Ziffer, Karen. 1989. Ecotourism: The Uneasy Alliance. Conservation International. Washington, DC. Theme: ET, EC Region: W
A thorough investigation into the market for ecotourism, detailing the structure of the nature tourism industry and its potential for success as a local economic development tool.

World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC). 1999. WTTC Key Statistics 1999.
Theme: ST, EC
Region: W
WTTC is a worldwide NGO organization dealing with the promotion of sustainable tourism. Its web site contains many interesting items, such as the following statistics: In 1999, Travel & Tourism generated directly and indirectly, across the global economy : 11% of GDP; 200 million jobs; 8% of total employment; and 5.5 million new jobs per year until 2010. This latest report from WTTC/WEFA summarises global and regional Travel & Tourism estimates for 1999. It has been adapted to reflect concepts developed within the World Tourism Organization and shows : - the Travel & Tourism Economy - the direct and indirect effects of travel demand; and - the narrower Travel & Tourism Industry - direct effects only. World Travel & Tourism has largely weathered the Asia/Pacific financial crisis, thanks to the economic strength of the North American and European Union regions. In 1999, Travel & Tourism is expected to generate some $3.5 trillion of GDP and almost 200 million jobs across the world economy - approximately one third of this comes from the industry itself and the remainder from its very strong catalytic flow-through effect in other sectors such as retail and construction. See their web site: www.wttc.org

Research-Oriented Web Sites

http://www.world-tourism.org
At the World Tourism Organization, you can check out the most recent tourism statistics worldwide.

http://www.wttc.org
Visit ECoNETT at the World Travel & Tourism Council web site. ECoNETT is an "information network for Travel & Tourism and the Environment."

http://www.uneptie.org/tourism
At the website of the UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE), you will find updated information on a number of documents on sustainable tourism, as well as the activities of the Tourism Programme of the DTIE. http://www.ecotourism.org
At the website of The International Ecotourism Society (TIES), you will find extensive information on al subjects of ecotourism, including a number of technical research papers which may be consulted FOR FREE at theTIES website: http://www.ecotourism.org/retiesselfr.htm

http://www.lorenzmur.csu.edu.au/ecotour/pages/EcoTrHme.html
Visit the Ecotourism Information Centre, developed by the Johnston Centre of Parks, Recreation and Heritage at Charles Sturt University, in collaboration with the Ecotourism Association of Australia.

http://www.green-travel.com
At Infotec's Green-Travel Home Page, you will find Green-Travel's Directory of Organizations, World Ecotourism Directory and many other useful resources.

http://www.bigvolcano.com.au/ercentre/ercpage.htm
Big Volcano Tourism Marketing & Media's Ecotourism Resource Centre offers an excellent collection of ecotourism and sustainable tourism research papers, web site links, codes of practice and a bookstore. Lots of information on Australia can be found here.

http://www.planeta.com
At Ron Mader's Planeta site you have access to more than 10,000 pages of information at the intersection of environmental and tourism news. The site is one of the richest archives of ecotourism resources at both the practical level as well as in-depth policy research. The site focuses on the Americas and has recently expanded to cover the globe.

http://www.groups.yahoo.com/group/iye2002
This is an International year of Ecotourism 2002 Forum which is sponsored by Planeta.com and has participation from a variety of participants, including those from WTO, UNEP and other institutions and individuals (some critical of the IYE).

http://www.amazon.com
The biggest online book store in the world. Staggering! By searching the subject "ecotourism" on January 8, 2001, 110 book titles were found.

http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk
Tourism Concern's homepage provides valuable information on sustainable tourism practices, and updates on the impacts of tourism worldwide.

http://www.ecotour.org/ecotour.htm
The Ecotravel Center is Conservation International's home-page dedicated to providing information for the ecotourist.

http://www.yorku.ca/research/dkproj/string/rohr
The Sustainable Tourism Research Interest Group website includes a directory of internet resources including multilateral organizations, codes of ethics and practice, and NGO's.

http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica
This web site contains much interesting information on ecotourism and sustainable tourism developments, mainly in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, but also in other parts of Latin America and around the world. It includes information on recent publications.

http://www.kiskeya-alternative.org/cangonet#sing
Since 1996 Cangonet is an electronic forum devoted to discussions and reference exchange on Caribbean ecotourism issues (including sustainable, alternative, cultural, rural, agricultural tourism). Now you can search list archives in English, Spanish and French.This project is launched for developing Information Technologies applications and uses to help sustainable tourism destinations develop and impact positively, as much as possible, on social, economical, cultural and environmental aspects in both Dominican Republic and Haiti.

Index: Integrating Biodiversity into the Tourism Sector

Note. This is not an official UNEP document, but a report delivered to the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Development Programme, the Global Environment Facility and the Biodiversity Planning Support Progamme in June 2001. Hector Ceballos-Lascurain is the International Coordinator of the BPSP Study on Biodiversity/Tourism and Director General of PICE ( Programme of International Consultancy on Ecotourism) and is based in Mexico City. Email: ceballos@laneta.apc.org; Web: http://www.ceballos-lascurain.com